Centros UC

Permanent URI for this community

https://repositorio.uc.cl/handle/11534/86978

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 30

A greener urban environment: designing green infrastructure interventions to promote citizens’ subjective wellbeing
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Navarrete-Hernández, Pablo; Laffan, Kate; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos
Research using subjective wellbeing (SWB) measures finds that the greener an individual's local environment is, the higher the levels of happiness and the lower levels of stress they tend to report experiencing. This literature presents positive associations between existing large-scale green spaces, such as urban parks or squares, and the wellbeing of residents living in close proximity to them. In contrast, in the current work, we present a novel approach which combines SWB measures with photo simulation in order to examine the impact of street-level green infrastructure interventions on the people's perceptions of the SWB associated with urban sites. We tested the approach with the attendees of the 20th Biennale on Architecture and Urbanism in Chile in 2017, exploring the impact of four different types of street-level green interventions. The results indicate that all types of green interventions considered significantly increase the perceived happiness and reduce the perceived stress associated with the sites during short exposures, with varying effect sizes across different types and scales of interventions. The proposed technique could be used in urban planning processes to examine the potential SWB benefits of green infrastructure investments prior to their being rolled out.
Building a geographic data repository for urban research with free software - Learning from Observatorio.Cedeus.cl
(2017) Steiniger, Stefan; De La Fuente, H.; Fuentes, C.; Barton Jonathan Richard; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; CEDEUS (Chile)
The recent trend towards open data and open science as well as a demand for holistic and interdisciplinary research requires platforms that allow the distribution and exchange of research data, including geographic information. While the requirements and benefits of data exchange are widely discussed, there are few proposals on how to implement data platforms that not only permit the exchange of research data among researchers, but also permit to distribute research results and data to the interest public. We elaborate what points are important for implementing a (geographic) data repository and propose then to adopt the concept of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) as a solution for the implementation of research data repositories. We present as a case study the geographic data and document repository of the Chilean research Centre on Sustainable Urban Development (CEDEUS), the CEDEUS Observatory. Besides the infrastructure to host and distribute data, communication tools are an important component of such a data repository service. For this case study we analyse which things have worked well and which things have not worked well based on the experiences collected during three years of operation. We close with some recommendations for the implementation of data repositories for research.
Caminando por el barrio: comprendiendo las experiencias de las personas mayores en un Santiago adverso, en tiempos de pandemia
(2022) Herrmann Lunecke, Marie Geraldine; Figueroa Martínez, Cristhian; Parra Huerta, Francisca; CEDEUS (Chile)
Este artículo tiene como objetivo indagar en las condiciones que las personas mayores enfrentan al caminar por los barrios en los que residen. Se busca identificar las formas en las que las características socioespaciales de los barrios, el entorno construido y la pandemia de COVID-19 afectan sus caminatas. Para lograr tales objetivos, el trabajo reporta los resultados de un grupo de entrevistas y grupos focales en los que se invitó a personas mayores residentes de cuatro barrios localizados en la Comuna de Santiago de Chile a conversar sobre sus caminatas y los obstáculos que enfrentan cuando se mueven a pie. Los resultados muestran que las personas mayores comprenden la caminata como una actividad altamente beneficiosa que les permite mantenerse activos, conectados y visibles. Evidencian que los procesos de cambio que han afectado a sus barrios han cambiado el paisaje y la arquitectura social de sus vecindarios, incrementando el miedo hacia el espacio público y la sensación de soledad. El análisis de los datos también mostró que las personas enfrentan diversos obstáculos mientras caminan, incluyendo veredas deterioradas, cruces hostiles y paisajes poco placenteros. Aquellos obstáculos se vieron multiplicados por la llegada del nuevo coronavirus, lo que sumó restricciones y preocupaciones que dificultan aún más la caminata. Los datos recogidos revelan la importancia que tiene la caminata para las personas mayores, por lo cual es fundamental la creación de barrios caminables y del fomento de esta actividad en las políticas públicas como una práctica de autocuidado.
Cerros isla en las ciudades de Chile: oportunidades para una planificación ecológica
(Universidad de Chile. Instituto de la Vivienda, 2023) Picon Meleda, María Catalina; Contreras, Carolina; Berrizbeitia, Anita; Barrera, Francisco de la; Reyes-Paecke, Sonia; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Arquitectura
Island hills (IHs) represent elements of important natural and cultural heritage value. However, despite their notable presence in Latin American cities, there is little documented knowledge that may facilitate their recognition and incorporation into urban planning. The objective of this work is to identify, classify, and characterize the mostly non-urbanized IHs located within the urban area of the 16 regional capital cities of Chile. The 75 IHs identified were classified into three typologies and characterized according to their land coverage, buildings, and associated regulations. In the 16 cities, there are 32 urban island hills, 24 urban hills on the urban edge, and 19 hills that are part of mountain ridges on the urban edge, concentrated in Santiago, Concepción and Copiapó. These covers consisting of by native forest, shrublands, and forestry plantations in the southern part of the country, and soils with scarce vegetation in the northern area, reflecting the geographic diversity as well as the pressures and uses that exist in the territory. Thus, Concepción’s IHs have 30% or more of their surface covered by forestry plantations; and of the total, 83% of the IHs have built elements and 36% have heritage elements. In terms of urban regulations, there is no typical zoning for hills, and diverse uses coexist.
Compact development and preferences for social mixing in location choices: results from revealed preferences in Santiago, Chile
(2021) Hurtubia González, Ricardo; Cox, Tomás; CEDEUS (Chile)
Even though densification and social mixing are declared objectives of many nowadays urban planning paradigms, their simultaneous implementation is usually questioned by different actors and is not frequent in practice. In a market economy, understanding potential demand for this class of development, from different types of households, is essential to define public policies oriented to achieve both compact development (CD) and social mixture. To understand the preferences of households and potential demand, we implement a location choice model based on a bid–rent framework and spatial latent classes (LC), using census data and location attributes. By using spatial LC, we do not impose exogenous definitions of which zones are perceived as CD or suburban, rendering a robust method to identify variation in preferences. We apply the model to Santiago de Chile, where social mixing in dense and well-located areas is being intensely discussed. We find strong differences in households' valuation of attributes between spatial classes. Results show that social mixing is more difficult in dense, well-connected areas than in suburban areas because higher-income households are more sensitive to the socioeconomic context of the location in compact areas. Besides showing evidence on household preferences and their implications for social-mixing policies, this paper also provides a proof of concept for the use of spatial LC (proposed in previous work by the authors), showing this is a robust methodology allowing to generate behavior-based classifications for urban areas. The paper also contributes methodologically, by deriving the elasticity formulation for bid-auction location choice models, which allows quantifying the importance of location attributes in location probability.
Coping with Natural Disasters and Urban Risk: An Approach to Urban Sustainability from Socio-Environmental Fragmentation and Urban Vulnerability Assessment
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014) Link, Felipe; Barth, Katrin; Harris, Jordan Michael; Irarrazaval Irarrazaval, Felipe; Valenzuela, Felipe; Welz, Juliane; William G. Holt; CEDEUS (Chile)
Purpose - Cities have been exposed to a variety of natural disasters such as flooding, extreme temperatures, storms, earthquakes, and other natural shocks, and have had to respond and adapt to such pressures over time. In the context of global climate change, natural disasters have increased across the globe. Apart from climate change, many urban environments in Latin America are experiencing significant transformations in land use patterns, socio-demographic change, changing labor markets, and economic growth, resulting from recent decades of globalization. Such transformations have resulted in the internal fragmentation of cities. In this context, the purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate the importance in both theoretical and methodological terms, of integrating the concept of socio-environmental fragmentation into urban vulnerability research in order to make progress toward higher degrees of local sustainability in those areas of the city that suffer natural disasters and fragmentation. Methodology/approach - A mixed methods approach is used in order to combine different technical issues from urban and climate change studies. Findings - The findings are related to the importance of an integrated approach, regarding the complexity of urban life, and the relationship between the urban, the social, and the environmental phenomenon. Social implications - This chapter relates to the revisit of the current state of preparedness and to determine whether further adaptations are required. The authors understood that these kinds of mixed approaches are necessary in order to understand the new complexity of urban processes.
Densidad urbana, forma y sociabilidad en la ciudad neoliberal: el caso del barrio Santa Isabel en Santiago de Chile
(Universidad de Chile. FAU, 2019) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Link, Felip; CEDEUS (Chile); Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Since the 1990s, the Santa Isabel neighborhood in Santiago, Chile, has undergone a radical process of urban growth and densification which can be associated with the neoliberal turn that characterized public policies and urban growth since the 1980s. This global process of "urban neoliberalism" is characterized by the relevance that the private sector acquires in urban development of the cities, maximizing profitability over other considerations. The following article seeks to study the consequences of this type of neoliberal urban development in urban morphology on a neighborhood scale, as well as in the way in which the inhabitants relate to each other and with their territory. Through a multi-methodological approach, integrating census data, urban morphology indicators, survey results, field observations and in-depth interviews, it seeks to understand how this type of urban development that encourages the maximization of profits by private parties, affects the public dimension of urban space. It is identified that the characteristics of the built environment, added to its new sociodemographic composition, inhibit the use of the neighborhood, neighborhood sociability and the permanence of its inhabitants, contributing to generate a transitory neighborhood, which is transforming the own condition of the city.
Desde la segregación a la exclusión residencial ¿Dónde están los nuevos hogares pobres (2000- 2017) de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile?
(2021) Rasse, Alejandra; Robles Robles, María Sarella; Sabatini D., Francisco; Cáceres Quiero, Gonzalo; Trebilcock, María Paz; CEDEUS (Chile)
La política de vivienda social subsidiada, de masiva aplicación durante los años noventa en Santiago de Chile, conformó una periferia popular altamente segregada. Desde el año 2000, la aplicación de este instrumento decrece, lo que se interpreta como un movimiento de expulsión de la vivienda social hacia el área periurbana de la ciudad. En este marco, este trabajo analiza la localización de las viviendas sociales construidas entre los años 2000 y 2017 en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, para identificar patrones de expulsión, desplazamiento y/o segregación de los beneficiarios de esta política. A través de una estrategia mixta que combinó análisis de información secundaria, fotointerpretación de imágenes satelitales y entrevistas a los directores de obras de comunas periurbanas, concluimos que: 1) no existe evidencia de un proceso de desplazamiento masivo de hogares en vivienda social hacia el periurbano de la ciudad con posterioridad a la década de los noventa, y 2) la producción de vivienda social, tanto en la ciudad de Santiago como en su periurbano, es inferior a los nuevos requerimientos de vivienda, incrementando el déficit habitacional. Se concluye que el actual escenario es de exclusión de los nuevos hogares pobres del mercado de vivienda de Santiago, más que de desplazamiento o aumento de la segregación residencial.
Designing and worlding: prototyping equivocal encounters
Hermansen Ulibarri, Pablo Ignacio; Tironi Rodo, Martin Carlos; CEDEUS (Chile)
To sustainably coexist with other ontologies, human beings must overcome the perception of being the center of the world. This article describes how a video log refuted the initial – anthropocentric – hypothesis explaining the breakdown of an experiment with Judy and Gombe, chimpanzees that inhabit the National Zoo of Chile. This shows that it is wrong to ascribe human affects and reactions to other ontologies, and also that there is a long way to go to apprehend, comprehend, and sustainable coexist with other ontologies in more-than-human ecosystems.
Elderly Walking Access to Street Markets in Chile: An Asset for Food Security in an Unequal Country
(2023) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Castillo, Bryan; Villegas, Rodrigo; Vecchio, Giovanni; Steiniger, Stefan; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)
Street markets can contribute to food security, since they are a source of fresh food and comparably inexpensive goods, being very relevant for low-income groups. Their relevance is even higher when considering older people, due to their often-constrained financial resources and possibilities to move. To assess the potential contribution of street markets to food security, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent older people have access to such a relevant asset. We consider the case of Chile, an ageing country with an unequal pension system, which makes it relevant for older people to access healthy and inexpensive food. We analyze what proportion of older people (i.e., people over 65) has walking access within 10 min to a street market—feria libre—in each Chilean region, with particular detail in the country’s four major urban areas. We compare the resulting accessibility maps with census data to identify neighborhoods with higher proportions of older people and examine their socio-economic conditions. Our findings show that while street markets are less accessible to older people in comparison to the general population, the inhabitants who can access them belong mainly to low-income groups. The results provide relevant insights to develop neighborhood-based policies for spreading and strengthening street markets, especially in low-income areas with insufficient levels of access to other relevant urban opportunities.
Employment and sustainability: the relation between precarious work and spatial inequality in the neoliberal city
(2022) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Ramírez Silva, María Inés; Rehner, Johannes; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
The creation of employment opportunities is a key factor to economic growth, but when pursuing sus tainable development, work arrangements must also be fair and stable. In contrast, precarious employ ment is a common and serious limitation to prospects for development and personal well being in Latin American cities. Discussing this phenomenon in the developing world requires considering the ongoing transformation of the neoliberal urban labour market, the commodity-driven economic struc ture, and questioning how such features relate to the likelihood of urban sustainable development. The present study addresses precarity in urban labour markets and subjective perceptions of stability and prospects and asks how marginalisation and fragmented urban spaces in a neoliberal context relate to the structural characteristics of precarious labour. This relationship between labour and space is anal ysed based on survey data from different types of neighbourhoods in Chile’s two largest metropolitan areas – Santiago and Concepción – using multilevel regression and ANOVA. Our study finds that precar ious employment and poor prospects replicate and reinforce typical territorial inequalities and thus con stitute a serious limitation for sustainable development. We conclude that the current labour market, the features of neoliberal extractivism, and weak formal social protection are obstructing urban development that is sustainable in terms of employment. Thus, the conceptual debate on sustainability and urban pol icy should focus more on the negative effects of precarious employment and its particular relation to spatial fragmentation in growing urban areas.
Experimental study of the thermal performance of living walls under semiarid climatic conditions
(2015) Victorero Castaño, Felipe Andrés; Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Tori, Felipe; Bonilla Meléndez, Carlos Alberto; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Rojas, Victoria; CEDEUS (Chile)
How do we densify and socially integrate our cities? On the efficiency of urban property incentives in the vicinity of mass transit stations
(2016) Greene Zuniga Margarita; Mora, Rodrigo; Waintrub Santibanez Natan; Figueroa Martinez Cristhian; Ortuzar Salas Juan De Dios; CEDEUS (Chile)
Stated choice methods were used to measure the effect of different types of incentives (direct and indirect subsidies, changes in building regulations and others) in the willingness to build denser and socially integrated residential projects by real estate firms in the vicinity of metro and bus rapid transit (BRT) stations. A sample of 52 professionals, from building companies and real estate firms, was asked to evaluate a series of urban scenarios under various incentive schemes; in each case they had to choose whether they would be willing to start a conventional residential project (i.e. for buyers belonging to the same socio-economic group) or a socially integrated one (i.e. mixing buyers from different groups). Results show that an aggregate level, only 16% of respondents would be interested in starting new residential projects at those locations. However, the availability of incentives could have a significant impact in the willingness to initiate higher density projects around the stations and also, but to a lesser degree, in the willingness to initiate socially mixed residential projects.
Influence of vegetation, substrate, and thermal insulation of an extensive vegetated roof on the thermal performance of retail stores in semiarid and marine climates
(2017) Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Pinto, C.; Tabares, P.; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Victorero Castaño, Felipe Andrés; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Bonilla Meléndez, Carlos Alberto; CEDEUS (Chile)
Monitoreo de los avances en desarrollo urbano: Análisis de los catastros de áreas verdes urbanas en el área metropolitana de Santiago, Chile
(2019) Reyes Paecke, Sonia; De La Barrera Melgarejo, Francisco; CEDEUS (Chile)
Advances in urban development goals can be measured through indicator systems. The Chilean National Council for Urban Development (CNDU) has proposed a set of indicators to monitor the progress of Chilean cities towards the goals proposed by the National Urban Development Policy, incoporating issues associated to urban green spaces (UGS) in two areas of evaluation: Access to urban amenities, and urban environmental quality. This article aims to contribute to the analysis of the processes of information collection, data processing and construction of updated indicators of urban development in Chile by identifing the challenges posed by the implementation of a complex system of urban development monitoring. The study focuses on identifying, analyzing and comparing the UGS cadastres of the AMS generated by public institutions, to assess whether they can feed evidence-based design processes for public policy, and the development of a monitoring system of the advances in urban development. Analysis is based on the UGS cadastres carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago between 1992 and 2016 by identifying the responsible institutions, the sources of information and the data obtaining and validating methods. Results show that these cadastres are not comparable to each other, as they use different criteria for the UGS identification and classification, different data sources and collection methods. The fragmentation of decision-making regarding UGS generates inconsistent information, hindering the evaluation of public policy results. The effective implementation of the system of indicators proposed by the CNDU will require the generation of a solid, up-to-date and transparent information basis, prepared by relevant institutions, and validated by proper procedures.
Movilidad urbana y personas mayores en Santiago de Chile: El valor de integrar métodos de análisis, un estudio en el barrio San Eugenio
(Universidad de Chile. FAU, 2021) Vecchio, Giovanni; Castillo, Bryan; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales
Demographic changes in Latin America, and especially in Chile, indicate that the population is becoming older: already in 2050, one out of four Latin Americans and one out of three Chileans will be older than 60. Among the elements that contribute to the wellbeing of the elderlies, mobility and accessibility play a fundamental role. Priorities set out for mobility planning and politics should reflect these aspects. Nonetheless, the traditional methods of transport planning in Chile are not able to adequately grasp the forms in which elderlies move and access urban opportunities. We discuss the value of integrating different methods of analysis to better represent the mobility of elderlies. Examining the mobility and accessibility behaviour of seniors in the neighbourhood of San Eugenio, in Santiago de Chile, the paper compares the results of interviews and household travel surveys, observing to what extent these contribute to the description of mobility and accessibility for the examined population. The results show the relevance of qualitative approaches that, at the neighbourhood scale, examine elderlies, considering that these methods detect mobility practices and accessibility patterns difficult to observe with more aggregate forms of analysis. The approach to elderly mobility allowed by qualitative tools allows considering the conditions for their adoption when planning mobility at neighbourhood and municipal scale.
Patrimonio y densificación en altura: la Basílica de los Sacramentinos de Santiago de Chile
(2024) Quilodran Rubio, Carolina; Zegers Delgado, Francisca; Pinchon-Marin, Karla; CEDEUS (Chile)
El crecimiento urbano impacta en el entorno construido y en edificios históricos de las áreas pericentrales de las ciudades. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los procesos de transformación urbana que involucran la densificación en altura en torno a un espacio patrimonial con doble acción de protección: Monumento Histórico y Zona Típica del Barrio Cívico, como el caso de la Basílica de los Sacramentinos de la comuna de Santiago, Chile. A partir de una metodología mixta, se analizó el plan de repoblamiento, la evolución y desplazamiento de la oferta inmobiliaria, los permisos de edificación, el valor de suelo y el análisis de la normativa patrimonial estatal y municipal. Los resultados muestran cómo se ha transformado el barrio donde se inserta la basílica, el beneficio normativo del Plan Regulador Comunal y la obsolescencia física que afecta al inmueble, la cual ha incidido en su desvalorización patrimonial, dejándolo como un elemento patológico segregado de la actual trama urbana. Finalmente, con base en los resultados se proponen recomendaciones para la convivencia de nuevos procesos urbanos y edificios patrimoniales.
Research Translation to Promote Urban Health in Latin America: The SALURBAL Experience
(Springer, 2024) Slesinski, S. Claire; Indvik, Katherine; Bolinaga, Andrea; Roux, Ana V. Diez; Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Tonatiuh; Caiaffa, Waleska Teixeira; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Miranda, J. Jaime; Rodríguez, Daniel A.; Sarmiento, Olga L.; Siri, José G.; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
In highly urbanized and unequal Latin America, urban health and health equity research are essential to effective policymaking. To ensure the application of relevant and context-specific evidence to efforts to reduce urban health inequities, urban health research in Latin America must incorporate strategic research translation efforts. Beginning in 2017, the Urban Health in Latin America (SALURBAL) project implemented policy-relevant research and engaged policymakers and the public to support the translation of research findings. Over 6 years, more than 200 researchers across eight countries contributed to SALURBAL's interdisciplinary network. This network allowed SALURBAL to adapt research and engagement activities to local contexts and priorities, thereby maximizing the policy relevance of research findings and their application to promote policy action, inform urban interventions, and drive societal change. SALURBAL achieved significant visibility and credibility among academic and nonacademic urban health stakeholders, resulting in the development of evidence and tools to support urban policymakers, planners, and policy development processes across the region. These efforts and their outcomes reveal important lessons regarding maintaining flexibility and accounting for local context in research, ensuring that resources are dedicated to policy engagement and dissemination activities, and recognizing that assessing policy impact requires a nuanced understanding of complex policymaking processes. These reflections are relevant for promoting urban health and health equity research translation across the global south and worldwide. This paper presents SALURBAL's strategy for dissemination and policy translation, highlights innovative initiatives and their outcomes, discusses lessons learned, and shares recommendations for future efforts to promote effective translation of research findings.
Resilience is more than resistance: two experiences from the 2010 earthquake and tsunami
(2020) Wagemann, Elizabeth; Alençon Castrillón, Renato d'; Greene, Margarita; CEDEUS (Chile)
In the face of a natural catastrophe, resistance is a necessary but not sufficient condition. A building can withstand an earthquake or a flood, but that does not mean that the life it held will go back to be developed in a normal way. Hence, based on the experience after the 2010 earthquake, this text advocates resilience as a key concept, a scope of which goes far beyond mere material resistance.
Retrofitting strategies for social housing buildings in different climate conditions.: The Corvi 1010-1020 block type in three Chilean cities
(MDPI Open Access Journals, 2018) Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Schmitt Rivera, Cristián; Bunster Milnes, Víctor Andrés; Martínez Torres, María Paula; Chateau Gannon, Francisco; CEDEUS (Chile)
Currently, less than 2% of the residential building stock in Chile meets minimum of thermal performance conditions while the current approach to social housing development has proved incapable of ensuring appropriate living standards. Demolishing housing blocks to replace them with new buildings is economically inefficient, environmentally damaging and socially unacceptable, as these structures represent an opportunity to renovate and upgrade existing buildings without disrupting consolidated communities. This ongoing research focuses on renovating the CORVI 1010-1020 housing blocks, a building type that was massively built across the country between 1968 and 1978. Today it is possible to find more than 2,000 units of this type of building—with no significant design variations—throughout Chile, hence between latitudes 18°S and 53°S of extremely diverse climates. This paper analyses the impact of different energy retrofitting strategies in the thermal performance of these emblematic housing estates. Accordingly, building energy simulation is used to evaluate three scenarios, i.e., the original design without changes, a retrofitting proposal focused on meeting current thermal code requirements, and an expansion proposal aimed at increasing both thermal performance and life quality conditions. In order to assess the performance of these scenarios, the simulations focused on three cities with contrasting climatic conditions, i.e., hot-arid (Arica, 18°27'S), Mediterranean (Santiago, 33°27′S) and tundra (Punta Arenas, 53°08′S). Operational energy demand, accumulated hours of thermal discomfort, and payback time periods are considered for comparative analysis. Whereas the results evidence that the cost-effectiveness of the proposed alternatives increases in colder climatic conditions dependant on space heating; overall, this study demonstrates that the retrofitting of these social housing buildings can help achieving significant heating and cooling energy savings as well as improving indoor thermal comfort conditions.

Browse

Browsing Centros UC by browse.metadata.categoria "Arquitectura"

Results Per Page

Sort Options