Adaptation and Validation in Spanish of the MARKO-D Test for the Assessment of Initial Mathematical Concepts
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Date
2025
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Abstract
Early mathematical skills are important predictors of academic performance and overall developmental trajectories. Therefore, appropriate assessment is critical to support later development. The MARKO-D test, which was developed in Germany for the assessment of early mathematical and arithmetic concepts, is based on a theoretical model of mathematical development. The present study reports the translation process, cultural adaptation, standardization, and development of a digital version of the test. The sample included 293 students from prekindergarten to the second grade, between 4.08 and 8.66 years old. The test was administered in a 45-min session. To provide evidence of validity in relation to other variables, a subsample of students was administered the WISC-V arithmetic and cube construction tests. The empirical performance of the underlying model was tested using a Rasch analysis. The results provide adequate indicators of reliability and evidence of validity. The need for cross-cultural validity assessment instruments adapted and validated for different populations is reflected.