3.16 Tesis magíster

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A chemical survey of the proto-stellar system IRAS 16253-2429
(2023) Castillo Lara, Jaime; Guzmán Veloso, Viviana; Artur de la Villarmois, Elizabeth; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Presentamos un estudio químico de IRAS 16253-2429 (de aquí en adelante IRAS 16253), una proto-estrella de Clase 0 y de baja masa clasificada como un very low luminosity object (VeLLO) y localizada en el complejo de formación estelar ρ Ophiucus. Las moléculas CN, c-C3H2, y H2CO son detectadas por primera vez en IRAS 16253. H2CO se muestra compacta y simétrica en la región central, que incluye el disco y el envoltorio interior. c-C3H2 y CN también se presentan en la región central, pero con una emisión asimétrica y más extendida. También presentamos observaciones previas de 13CO, C17O, C18O, SO, CO, C2H y N2H+, con detecciones tentativas de DCO+ y N2D+. C2H se presenta en las paredes de la cavidad, en ambas direcciones de la ejección de gas, pero principalmente en la dirección norte. 13CO está presente en la región central y en la cavidad sur, C18O muestra una emisión compacta y simétrica, CO traza ambas direcciones de la ejección de gas, SO y C17O están centradas pero extendidas y asimétricas, y N2H+ está presente en el envoltorio exterior. A través de un diagrama rotacional para H2CO, estimamos una temperatura rotacional de ∼ 9.3K para la molecula. Esta baja temperatura rotacional sugiere un régimen sub-termal para H2CO, lo que a su vez implica que H2CO está presente sólo en el envoltorio interno, y no en el disco. A través de un ajuste de estructura hiperfina para N2H+, se estima una temperatura de excitación de ∼ 4 K para la molécula, esta baja temperatura de excitación también sugiere un régimen sub-termal, consistente con las bajas densidades del envoltorio exterior. Comparamos nuestros resultados con otros estudios de otras fuentes de Clase 0, pero más masivas. Encontramos que, en contra de nuestras expectativas, los trazadores de gas frío DCO+, N2H+ y N2D+ no son más abundantes en este VeLLO en comparación a otras proto-estrellas más masivas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la química de IRAS 16253 es una versión a menor escala de la química encontrada en fuentes de Clase 0 más masivas.
A VLT/MUSE galaxy survey towards QSO Q1410 : looking for a WHIM traced by BLAs in inter-cluster filaments
(2018) Pessa Gutiérrez, Ismael Alejandro; Tejos, Nicolás; Barrientos, Luis Felipe; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
An experiment in near field cosmology: A search for the Magellanic Wake
(2024) Cavieres Carrera, Manuel Antonio; Chanamé, Julio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
The infall of the Magellanic Cloud system into the Milky Way halo hasstrong effects on the distribution of the stars and dark matter in the outerhalo of our Galaxy. In particular, N-body simulations predict a large-scaledensity asymmetry that spans the northern Galactic hemisphere (known as thecollective response), along with a localized overdensity (the Wake) that trailsthe LMC’s orbit. In this study, we collected wide-field deep near-infrared andoptical photometry from the VISTA and DECam instruments in four fieldsalong the expected position of the Magellanic Wake, covering most of thedensity range predicted to be found in the outer halo, as predicted by numericalmodels. This data allows us to select a clean sample of halo stars that reachthe oldest main sequence turn-off (MSTO) up to 100 kpc, with ∼ 400 stellarsources further than 60 kpc, on two separate tracers, near main sequence turnoff stars and red giant branch. We found that the Magellanic Wake overdensityis present in our data with a relative overdensity of 3.07 ± 0.7. Comparisonof the radial density profiles of near-MSTO stars with simulations of the MilkyWay/LMC interaction is best fitted by a massive LMC model with a total massof 2.5 × 10^11M⊙. This work provides the first unambiguous detection of thewake with consistent densities between two tracers.
Blue Stragglers in the Gaia Era: Galactic Open and Globular Clusters
(2023) Carrasco Varela, Francisco Felipe; Puzia, Thomas H.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Blue Straggler Stars (BSSs) are one of the keys to understand in a better way how stars evolve and interact with each other in different star clusters. They appear to be hotter and brighter than the Main Sequence Turn Off Point (MSTO) and, therefore, they should have evolved off the Main-Sequence branch. We properly select, for Open Clusters (OCs) and Globular Clusters (GCs), star cluster members based on proper motions and parallaxes provided by Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3). Using isochrones models and selection criteria from previous studies, we select and classify stars as BSS, Yellow Straggler Stars and Red Stragglers Stars (evolved BSSs). We identify BSSs to be present in all our GCs and in 42/129 (∼ 33 %) of studied OCs. We counted a total of 4399 BSSs; 434 (∼ 10 %) located in OCs and 3965 (90 %) located in GCs. Clusters younger than ∼ 500 Myr do not show the presence of BSSs in our sample. We obtain astrophysical parameters from 3 different methods (color–temperature relations, isochrone–fitting models and parameters from Gaia DR3 spectra) such as the effective temperature Teff, star mass M, and surface gravity log(g). We find values for BSS Teff to be ∼ (6800 ± 585) K in GCs and ∼ (7570 ± 1400) K in OCs; and an average mass of ⟨MBSS⟩ = (1.75 ± 0.45) M⊙ in OCs and ⟨MBSS⟩ = (1.02 ± 0.1) M⊙ in GCs. For every BSS, we compute the difference of the BSS mass and the MSTO mass of its parent cluster, normalized by the MSTO mass, and called it Me based on previous studies. This parameter is classified as low–Me (Me < 0.5, BSS likely formed through mass-transfer) and high–Me (0.5 < Me < 1.0, BSS likely formed through mergers). For OCs we find a percentage 81.34 % high–Me and 18.66 % low–Me. For GCs, we find 94.25 % low–Me and 5.25 % high–Me. Comparing Me against the BSS age obtained with isochrone modes, we were able to detect: i) GC BSSs that are most likely to be formed through collisions show a “boost” in their percentage/fraction for stars with an age ∼ 1 − 2 Gyr, in agreement with reported age for core-collapse events in GCs found in previous studies; ii) a double sequence for GC BSSs, where we conclude that these sequences correspond to a pre merger/closer-binary interaction and post merger/closer-binary interaction of BSS formation
Characterization of molecular gas substructures in the protoplanetary disk HD 163296 using ALMA interferometric data
(2024) Maluenda Berna, Michel Yan Luis; Guzmán Veloso, Viviana; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
This thesis conducts an extensive examination of molecular gas substructures, specifically HCN and C2H, within the protoplanetary disk surrounding HD 163296. Utilizing ALMA interferometric data in two rotational transitions, the study resolves structures down to 10 au scales, focusing on characterizing gas substructures and comparing them with millimeter dust in the disk. The methodology involves parameterizing relative abundance, incorporating Gaussian functions, and employing MCMC analysis to model observed bright ring substructures. The study reveals three bright line emission rings for both HCN and C2H, indicating a high abundance within 150 au of the central star. Interestingly, no universal connection is found between dust and molecular substructures, suggesting complex dynamics. The inner disk (<150 au) exhibits a peak relative abundance of ∼6.8 × 10−11 for HCN and ∼5.0 × 10−11 for C2H, implying active organic chemistry or hidden molecular emissions. Furthermore, a significant overlap between dust and chemical substructures within 150 au is observed, diminishing in the outer disk. The outermost bright rings at approximately 309 and 385 au for HCN and C2H respectively lack correlation with CO substructures, challenging conventional understanding of protoplanetary disk composition and dynamics. Chemical conversion of CO into other species is proposed as a partial explanation for observed vertical substructures and high C/O ratios influencing C2H and HCN abundance. This research enhances our understanding of complex dynamics and chemical processes in protoplanetary disks, providing valuable insights for future planet formation studies.
Characterization of the dwarf galaxy population in the Centaurus A environment
(2020) Ribbeck Valenzuela, Karen X.; Puzia, Thomas H.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
We report photometric properties of the dwarf galaxy population in the Centaurus A group, along with 51 new dwarf candidates based on the optical u’g’r’i’z’ imaging of 22 deg^2 centered on the nearby giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 as part of The Survey of Centaurus A’s Baryonic Structures (SCABS) program. Morphological analysis of the new candidates shows surface brightness profiles are well represented by a single component Sérsic models with an average Sérsic index of = 0.85 ± 0.05. The candidates present luminosities of -12 ≤ Mv ≤ -7 mag, corresponding to stellar masses of 7.5 ≥ log M/M☉ ≥ 4.5, which extend the size-luminosity relation toward fainter luminosities and smaller sizes for known dwarf galaxies outside the Local Group (LG), and are consistent with properties of nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies. I will discuss the stellar population properties of the newly discovered galaxy sample and compare their properties to other dwarf galaxy samples in the nearby Universe.
Characterizing the Fe K-a line variability in a large sample of AGN
(2020) Andonie Bahamondes, Carolina Paz; Bauer, Franz Erik; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Varios Nucleos Activos de Galaxias (AGN) han mostrado variabilidad en su emisión en rayos X, en particular en el continuo entre 2-10 keV y en la línea de emisión de Hierro en 6.4 keV (Fe K-a). La línea Fe K-a es una característica obicua en el espectro de los AGN y es producida por procesos de reflección entre el continuo y la materia neutra que rodea el Agujero Negro Supermasivo (SMBH) que se encuentra en el centro del AGN. Varios estudios han constreñido la ubicación y el tamaño de las nubes reflectantes en algunos AGN estudiando la reacción de la línea a variaciones del continuo. En estre trabajo, constreñimos la relación entre la línea Fe K-a y el continuo para 19 fuentes, usando datos de los observatorios Chandra y XMM-Newton. Encontramos diferentes comportamientos, los cuales se pueden clasificar en 3 casos. Primero, en algunos AGN el flujo de la línea está dominado por nubes reflectantes ubicadas cerca de la corona de rayos X, como en el disco de acreción o la región de líneas anchas, por lo que la línea reacciona rápido frente a variaciones del continuum en las escalas de tiempo de las observaciones. Para estas fuentes, proporcionamos un límite superior para la región reflectiva. Segundo, en otros casos, la línea Fe K-a reacciona levemente frente a las variaciones del continuo, por lo que los flujos no están correlados, sugiriendo que las nubes reflectantes están localizadas mucho más lejos de la corona, como en el toro polvoriento. El último y tercer caso, son AGN que muestran variabilidad en el continuo y en la línea, pero los flujos no están correlacionados, indicando un escenario más complejo. Encontramos una leve correlación entre la relación Fe K-a-continuo y la masa del SMBH, indicando que a mayores masas las nubes reflectantes estarían ubicadas más cerca de la corona de rayos X. Para complementar los resultados espectrales, analizamos las imágenes de las observaciones de Chandra para ver si la emisión Fe K-a es extendida espacialmente. Encontramos que 14/15 fuentes analizadas son consistentes con una fuente puntual, para las cuales pudimos entregar un límite superior de la región reflectante emitiendo fotones Fe K-a, equivalente a la resolución espacial de Chandra (1.21 hasta 1419 pc).
Computer vision and machine-learning method for the detection of low-surface brightness galaxies in the Fornax Cluster
(2024) Hernández Flores, Alejandra Valentina; Puzia, Thomas H.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Detecting the faint luminosity in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies (LSBGs) poses significant challenges, primarily due to sky brightness and contamination from brighter sources while separating LSBGs from the background. Despite these challenges, the study of LSBGs holds great potential to advance our understanding of various fields, including cosmology, galaxy formation, evolution, and the characteristics of galaxy clusters. The primary goal of this study is to develop an automated code capable of effectively detecting LSBGs, including the more diffuse LSBGs that are only detectable through visual search. The initial focus is on the Fornax cluster of galaxies, with the possibility of extension to other galaxy clusters. The purpose is to significantly contribute to advancing research in LSBGs and its implications for broader astronomical studies. We have created an automated code that successfully detects LSBGs in digital images at a reasonable processing speed. We have incorporated an innovative algorithm to separate LSBGs from the background using a dynamic background kernel and threshold applied to image segments to achieve this. We have also implemented a bilateral filter that identifies the most diffuse LSBGs and preserves morphology, ensuring precise identification and classification. Additionally, we have developed and trained a One-Class Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier using a gold sample of 143 LSBGs, resulting in a classifier with a low rate of false positives. The implemented code has successfully detected LSBGs, showcasing its ability to address the challenges associated with identifying the faint luminosity in these galaxies, even in the presence of brighter sources. The integrated algorithm has significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of the detection process, allowing for the identification of a substantial number of LSBG candidates. Specifically, in the Fornax Cluster, our algorithm successfully identified 31,295 LSBG candidates, as documented in the comprehensive catalog available at GitHub Repository: \url{https://github.com/Alevhf/LSB_candidates/blob/main/Catalog_result.csv#L19304}.
Detection and characterization of hot Jupiters around hot stars
(2023) Torres Miranda, Pascal José; Jordán Colzani, Andrés Cristóbal; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es abordar el desafío de detectar y caracterizar Júpiteres calientes alrededor de estrellas calientes. La elevada temperatura de las estrellas dificulta la confirmación de exoplanetas debido a la rápida rotación estelar, lo que resulta en una menor precisión en las mediciones de velocidades radiales. Un método para caracterizar y confirmar planetas que orbitan este tipo de estrella es el de Tomografía Doppler (TD). En este trabajo, se desarrolló un método de TD, en un marco bayesiano y se probó en seis sistemas. Se utilizaron datos publicados de tres de ellos (WASP-19b, KELT-7b y HAT-P-56b), obteniendo resultados visuales similares a los publicados. Para dos sistemas (HD2685 y TOI-812), se predijeron y observaron los tránsitos, pero no fue posible recuperar la señal del planeta. Y un sistema que será publicado prontamente (TOI-3362-b, Espinoza et al. in prep) que es consistente con la alineación del sistema. También se construyó un catálogo de siete estrellas (incluyendo HD2685b) interesantes para nuestro estudio. Este catálogo se construyó a partir de una selección de estrellas calientes (hecha con datos de Gaia DR2) que poseían altas señales de tránsito en las curvas de luz obtenidas de TESS. De esas siete estrellas, cuatro poseen planetas ya confirmados y tres candidatos a planeta, de especial interés debido a las características únicas de cada sistema. También se desarrolló un código capaz de predecir la observabilidad de la Tomografía Doppler, considerando las características de la estrella, el planeta y el instrumento utilizado para la observación. Las conclusiones de este estudio indican que tanto el método de deconvolución como el modelo de predicción de Tomografía Doppler son útiles y consistentes con trabajos previos. Sin embargo, es necesario desarrollar nuevas herramientas para cuantificar la precisión de estos métodos.
Discovery and characterization of exoplanets in the TESS full frame images
(2022) Rojas Henríquez, Felipe Ignacio; Jordán Colzani, Andrés Cristóbal; Chanamé, Julio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
En los últimos años la cantidad de exoplanetas ha ido en aumento. Hoy conocemos más de 5000 y este numero seguirá creciendo gracias a misiones como TESS, que monitorea constantemente estrellas cercanas desde el espacio. No obstante, de todos estos planetas descubiertos, menos de 1000 tienen mediciones de su masa y radio con una precisión del 20% o mejor. Conocer estos parámetros con precisión nos da una idea inicial de su composición y por ende, de cómo pudo haber sido su proceso de formación. Además, se conocen muy pocos planetas gigantes con órbitas con períodos superior a los 10 días. Este tipo de planetas (Gigantes Tibios) despiertan la pregunta de cómo es que se encuentran tan cerca de la estrella que orbitan. Al mismo tiempo, estos conservan posibles rastros de su evolución dinámica en sus órbitas, a diferencia de planetas con órbitas más pequeñas. El objetivo de este proyecto es implementar un sistema de procesamiento de las imágenes de la misión TESS y búsqueda de planetas gigantes tibios, en el marco de la colaboración WINE, dedicada al estudio de estos planetas. De los candidatos a planeta encontrados, se realizó el seguimiento, confirmación y caracterización de un Neptuno (TOI-883 b) y un sub-Saturno (TOI-899 b), que orbitan estrellas muy parecidas al Sol con períodos de 10 y 12 días, respectivamente.
Dusty clumps in circumbinary discs.
(2019) Poblete Rivera, Pedro Pablo A.; Cuello, Nicolás; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Protoplanetary discs are structures formed by gas and dust that form during the first stages of the stellar evolution. Protoplanetary discs also are the birthplace of planets, moons, and asteroids like the ones we observe in our Solar System. However, protoplanetary disc structure varies amongst different systems. A good understanding of disc evolution and dynamics is required for a comprehensive view of planet formation. Recent observations have revealed that protoplanetary discs often exhibit cavities and azimuthal asymmetries such as dust traps and clumps. The presence of a stellar binary system in the inner disc regions has been proposed to explain the formation of these structures. In that case, the protoplanetary disc should be reclassified as circumbinary. Here, I study the dust and gas dynamics in circumbinary discs around eccentric and inclined binaries. This is done through two-fluid simulations of circumbinary discs, considering different values of the binary eccentricity and inclination. The simulations are made using phantom; a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics code. I find that two kinds of dust structures can form in the disc: a single horseshoe-shaped clump, on top of a similar gaseous over-density; or numerous clumps, distributed along the inner disc rim. The latter features form through the complex interplay between the dust particles and the gaseous spirals caused by the binary. All these clumps survive between one and several tens of orbital periods at the feature location. I show that their evolution strongly depends on the gas–dust coupling and the binary parameters. Interestingly, these asymmetric features could in principle be used to infer or constrain the orbital parameters of a stellar companion — potentially unseen — inside the inner disc cavity. Finally, I apply these findings to the disc around AB Aurigae. The dusty clumps observed in this work suggest that circumbinary discs are promising places to form planetesimals and even planets, contrary to what was previously thought due to high relative velocity among solids.
Estimadores de metalicidad en SN tipo II-P
(2023) Castro Morales, Nicolás Manuel; Clocchiatti, Alejandro; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Uno de los parámetros más difíciles de estimar en supernovas es su metalicidad, basicamente por lo complejo de sus espectros y por la imposibilidad de haber observado con el detalle apropiado al progenitor en la gran mayoría de los casos. Los espectros de las supernovas de tipo IIP durante la fase fotosférica, sin embargo, revelan información directa sobre la metalicidad de la estrella progenitora que es posible interpretar. Los pseudo anchos equivalentes de los perfiles P Cygni de líneas de elementos químicos complejos ya han sido utilizados como indicadores de metalicidad, pero tienen algunas limitaciones. Presentamos un nuevo método que añade a las líneas de los espectros un indicador fotométrico basado en la evolución del brillo de las supernovas en la banda B, y/o la U, de Johnson, siempre en supernovas tipo IIP. Usando modelos teóricos de la atmósfera en estas supernovas encontramos que la variación de la magnitud en B entre las fases temprana y tardía de la curva de luz (EtoLC, por las siglas en inglés, de ``Early to Late Contrast'') está relacionada tanto con la masa como con la metalicidad del progenitor. Mostramos además que con el uso combinado de los anchos equivalentes de una línea de hierro y estos EtoLCS es posible discriminar con bastante sensibilidad y separar supernovas provenientes de la explosión de progenitores muy masivos de las provenientes de progenitores poco masivos, así como los que tenían metalicidad elevada de los que la tenían baja. Utilizando esta técnica a una muestra de supernovas reales, con buenos conjuntos de datos como para poder medir estos parámetros, se encuentra concordancia con lo ilustrado por los modelos indicando que, una vez calibrado, el método tendrá el potencial de poder encontrar con observaciones directas las características de masa y metalicidad de los progenitores de SN tipo IIP.
Exploring Super-Chandrasekhar Supernova SN2007if with radiative transfer code TARDIS
(2024) Silva Beyer, Joaquín; Clocchiatti, Alejandro; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Super-Chandrasekhar Supernovae (SNe) are a peculiar case of Type Ia SNthat show very high luminosities, slow light-curve evolution, and low expan-sion velocities, consistent with progenitor masses over the Chandrasekharlimit (≳ 1.4M⊙). SN 2007if is one of those events, with a still unknownexplosion scenario. Its early spectra are smooth and near featureless, butat later epochs, they seem to morph into a normal Type Ia. I exploredits spectra with radiative transfer code TARDIS, using three models, con-sidering the envelope interaction and the violent merger hypotheses. Thebest model, based on the envelope interaction scenario, resulted in a verygood match for early epochs, and a better match in the later epochs than theother models. I performed abundance tomography and adapted its chemicalstructure, resulting in my model 07if-tail. While it had a good agree-ment with the observed low velocities and some lines, many still featuredtoo deep absorption profiles, and the lines suggested a lower temperaturethan the overall continuum. I found that SN2007if probably lacks S and hasno Fe on its outer regions. In order to explain SN2007if’s light curve andspectra, a secondary source of continuum brightness is needed. My findingssupport the scenario of a WD-WD slow merger, forming a CO envelope thatinteracts with the explosion’s ejecta.
Exploring the intersection of Lyman-U Emitters & Lyman Break Galaxies behind the strongly lensed clusters : Abell370, Abell2744 and MACS0416
(2021) Prieto Lyon, Gonzalo; Bauer, Franz Erik; Guaita, Lucía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
In this thesis, we present a study of star-forming galaxies between redshifts 2.9-6.7 split among four categories: Pure LAEs (73 galaxies) without UV detection; Pure LBGs (1015 galaxies) without Lyman-a detection; LAE-LBGs (193 galaxies), with both Lyman break and Lyman-a detected; and Other SFGs without any of these signatures (459 galaxies). We use Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) and legacy Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data of the three Hubble Frontier Fields lensing clusters A370, A2744 and MACS0416, reaching magnitudes as faint as M1500 ≈ −13. We study the continuum and emission-line parameters of our sample, with the goal of finding and understanding any intrinsic differences between the aforementioned regimes of SFGs. We report a great diversity of high-redshift galaxies in the Lyman-a - M1500 plane, with a lack of massive galaxies above the SFR(Lya)=SFR(UV) line at M1500 < −18, with most pure LAEs near this line and log(Llya)<42.0. We measure the UV slope of pure LBGs and LAE-LBGs, with median values of ß=-1.75 and ß=-2.44 respectively, meaning that LAEs overall are near the dust-free domain while pure LBGs tend to be redder, and hence presumably more dust-obscured and/or older, the former being one of the probable reasons for their lack of Lyman-a; SFGs without LB or Lya show redder median slopes of ß=-1.59. LAE-LBGs tend to have a stronger sSFR than pure LBGs and other SFGs by a factor of 2 at every studied redshift. We find slight differences between the two LAE populations, with LAE-LBGs showing broader Lyman-a profiles, but further radiative transfer simulations are needed to clarify the contribution of HI velocity and column density.
Fast Radio Bursts : constraining possible astrophysical scenarios from a particle acceleration model
(2020) Zepeda González, Felipe; Reisenegger, Andreas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are bright millisecond-long radio flashes that imply strong electromagnetic waves in their vicinity. We analyzed the acceleration experienced by particles under such intense fields, and we obtained that they will quickly become relativistic and move in the direction of the incident wave. In this process, the particles periodically reach a high Lorentz factor, which remains valid up to the radial distance r_f \sim 3 \times 10^{10} {\rm cm} \, (m/m_p)^{-1} L_{42}^{1/2} \nu_9^{-1}. We analyzed the possible formation of a charge separation region due to the different r_f of protons and electrons, and then we argued about the possible disruption of the electron acceleration process at r> r_f. We also analyzed the incoherent and coherent radiation processes experienced by the accelerating particles and concluded that the coherent radiation can substantially disperse the energy of the incident wave if the emission mechanism of the FRB is activated at r < r_{f,p^+}. Based on this, our model disfavours mechanisms in which the FRB is emitted from within the magnetosphere of a NS or magnetar as a progenitor scenario. Although the model was applied to FRBs, it is applicable to other FRB-like phenomena. We propose to extend our analysis by self-consistently solving the Maxwell equations and the equations of motion for the plasma.
Hierarchical triple systems in Gaia
(2022) Moraga Mejías, Víctor; Chanamé, Julio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Investigación enfocada en la búsqueda de sistemas triples jerárquicos de estrellas en la Vía Láctea. Se usó como punto de partida una muestra de 224 sistemas de un catálogo de binarias anchas, los cuales fueron estudiados para determinar su real multiplicidad. Mediante una campaña de observaciones de espectroscopia, se determinaron nuevas velocidades radiales para 116 de estos sistemas. Al comparar con mediciones en la literatura existente, se encontraron 74 estrellas cuya variación en velocidad indica la presencia de un sistema espectroscópico no detectado hasta la fecha.
Host galaxies of local hard X-ray selected AGN
(2022) Doll Carriel, Goran; Bauer, Franz Erik; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
We investigate the evolutionary state of galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei (AGN) for a sample of 138 hard X-ray selected AGN from the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS) catalog and which have high-resolution (R ∼ 5000), VLT/X-SHOOTER 0.3–1 µm spectroscopy. We perform a stellar population synthesis analysis via pPXF fitting of the stellar continuum, as well as fit specific emission and absorption features (e.g., Lick indices, line ratios), to estimate AGN/star formation contributions, dust obscuration, stellar age, metallicity and star formation histories. Additionally, we perform morphological classification on our sample to study possible correlations to said evolutionary state. We compare our results to AGN X-ray properties and infrared (IR) derived SFRs to estimate the potential for AGN feedback. Using several cuts and selection criteria, we construct a comparison sample from SDSS DR7 data in the MPA-JHU catalog to place our AGN sample in the context with overall galaxy evolution. The X-SHOOTER spectra primarily probe the central regions of the AGN hosts, which tend to be dominated by old (> 10 Gyr) stellar populations. However, we find our sample primarily composed of main-sequence spirals (46%), followed by green valley spirals (14%) and green valley ellipticals (14%), with almost no galaxies present in the red sequence according to our definition. Our spectral modeling suggests that most elliptical and blue spiral hosts of AGN experienced strong episodes of star formation at intermediate ages (∼ 1–6 Gyr), which strongly correlate with their apparent morphological features (tails, remnant features). In contrast, most red spirals seem to follow a completely secular evolution. Comparison of IR and optically derived SFRs for 57 AGN in the sample implies copious obscured star formation; this appears to push otherwise optically passive elliptical hosts into the green valley or main sequence. As for the effect of AGN feedback, we only find very mild correlations between the AGN and the host bulge properties, thereby implying weak links between the current AGN event and their intermediate-age populations.
Hα emission observations of nearby baryonic structures
(2022) Ziliotto, Tuila; Puzia, Thomas H.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
A fundamental question in astronomy is how the environment affects galaxy evolution. Baryonic structures in the nearby universe can be used as laboratories to study the influence of the environment on galaxy evolution processes, since their close distances allow a detailed view of its member galaxies and their substructures. It is believed that the structures that we observe in the nearby universe form through the accretion of smaller groups of galaxies; thus, environmental processes can influence galaxies even before they enter larger clusters. The synergy between numerical simulations and surveys dedicated to observing large samples of galaxies is fundamental to trace and understand the physical properties of different galaxy components. In this context, star formation is one of the most fundamental parameters that characterizes galaxies, and can be heavily influenced by environmental conditions. We use data from the Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS) obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) g’r’i’ broadbands and N662 narrow-band covering the H-alpha + [N II] emission lines to study star formation in the central region (~R_vir/4) of the Fornax cluster of galaxies. We present a method for continuum subtraction in narrow-band images. From the continuum-subtracted H-alpha emission, we derived star formation rates (SFR) for a sample of dwarf galaxies in the central region of the Fornax cluster. Most of the dwarfs presenting H-alpha emission have large nuclei, with high temperatures in their very centers, suggesting the presence of a young stellar population. H-alpha emission concentrates in the centers of these galaxies. Considering the proposed scenarios for the formation of nucleated dwarf galaxies, our observations are in agreement with the model of in-situ star formation in their centers. We have found a spatial asymmetry in the distribution of H-alpha emitting nucleated dwarf galaxies around the Fornax center, suggesting different formation histories. We also discuss SFRs for NGC 1427A, a dwarf irregular galaxy with an intense burst of star formation. Broadband DECam data also allowed us to generate mass maps, from which we constructed diagrams of specific star formation rates versus pixel mass. In these diagrams, we can identify different substructures in the galaxies.
Identificando los mejores candidatos para la detección indirecta de materia oscura entre galaxias enanas esferoidales.
(2020) Calderón Galaz, César Jorge; Padilla, Nelson; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
La materia oscura (DM), cuya naturaleza y mecanismos de interacción son todavía un tema abierto, constituye alrededor del 25 % de la densidad de energía del Universo. Las partículas masivas de débil interacción (WIMPs) son consideradas como fuertes candidatos para las partículas DM. Su búsqueda, se lleva a cabo convenientemente a través de la detección de rayos gamma. Las galaxias enanas esferoidales (dSphs) clásicas o ultradébiles , ubicadas en las cercanías de la Galaxia, exhiben altos valores de la relación masa luminosidad, y por lo tanto se consideran objetos dominados por materia oscura. Estos objetos están al alcance del Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), que es el proyecto de astronomía de rayos gamma que llegará en esta década, con una mejor sensibilidad (un orden de magnitud) con respecto a los experimentos de la generación actual. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es sugerir posibles candidatos para el estudio con CTA, considerando sus respectivas incertezas. Para ello se obtuvo el J-factor de 5 distintas galaxias enanas, de modo de comprender cual de estas galaxias presenta los mayores valores, considerando que el J-factor nos dice la cantidad de materia oscura existente en una determinada región del espacio integrado a lo largo de la línea de visión. Para obtener este valor, es necesario realizar un análisis de Jeans, con los datos cinemáticos de cada galaxia, en donde encontramos carencia de datos en algunas de ellas, lo que imposibilita a obtener valores confiables para determinar un J-factor robusto. Se fija una cota inferior de 150 estrellas para obtener valores confiables de una galaxia esferoidal, este resultado se obtuvo del análisis de galaxias clásicas con una gran muestra de datos cinemáticos, de las cuales extrajimos datasets más pequeños simulando galaxias con menores datos estadísticos. El análisis de Jeans realizado, contempló el uso del método MCMC para obtener los parámetros de los perfiles de densidad de materia oscura para cada dSph. Finalmente, se denomina a la galaxia Sculptor como un excelente candidato para el estudio de una posible señal de rayos gamma con CTA, debido a su alto valor de J-factor y su poca incerteza en la medición, log J(α0,5) = 18,8 ± 0,1 [GeV2 cm −5 ]. Sin embargo, se deja la invitación a estudiar con más detalle la cinemática de las galaxias ultra-débiles como Triangulum II, quien presenta el J-factor más elevado, log J(α0,5) = 21,8±0,5 [GeV2 cm −5 ], pero con una gran incerteza en su medición, ya que consideramos que estas galaxias pueden ser la clave para comprender la naturaleza de la materia oscura en un futuro no muy lejano.
Merger tree comparison : impact on the semi-analytic model GALFORM
(2020) Gómez, Jonathan; Padilla, Nelson; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Astrofísica
Many previous studies using semi-analytic models have focused predominantly on improving the phenomenological prescriptions of the baryonic physics governing galaxy formation as the vast uncertainties in these processes are critical in understanding the observable Universe. On the other hand, studies dedicated to "the dark universe" imply that technical issues concerning dark matter (DM) halo merger trees can also impose other uncertainties when modeling the observable universe. We examine the effect of using four different merger tree building algorithms, SUBFIND, HBT, ROCKSTAR and VELOCIraptor, on galaxy properties using the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation and evolution GALFORM with fixed model parameters, run on the EAGLE simulation in its dark matter only version. The construction of each Halo Finder causes some to be able to find some haloes that other finders do not and vice versa affecting the total number of haloes that are found. The differences in definitions or limits to distinguish the satellite and central haloes present in the Halo Finders, produce haloes which are found in two different halo catalogs with different central/satellite classification which impacts the way in which the galaxies that reside in these haloes evolve as, by construction in GALFORM, central galaxies retain their hot gas whereas satellite galaxies do not. The results of GALFORM show that the number of central and type 1 satellite galaxies (those that are hosted by a dark matter satellite subhalo) depend directly on the halo finder and its definition for central and satellite subhalo, which results in the ROCKSTAR run having a slight excess of galaxies. In contrast the number of type 2 satellite galaxies, i.e. galaxies that are not hosted by a resolved dark matter subhalo also called orphan galaxies, depends strongly on the tree builder. The number of type 2 satellite galaxies (orphans) resulting from the VELOCIraptor run is up to ∼ 2x higher than HBT, ROCKSTAR and SUBFIND, in agreement with the excess of merged dark matter satellite subhalo progenitors of VELOCIraptor; but these are only a small fraction of the galaxy population. When matching individual GALFORM galaxies in the four finders we find that the hot gas mass MHot Gas, cold gas mass MCold Gas and instantaneous star formation rates are significantly affected by the satellite and central subhalo type. When we have a central subhalo that has a satellite subhalo as its counterpart, the satellite galaxy has MHot Gas= 0 by definition and, consequently, lower MCold Gas and instantaneous SFR for MStellar< 108h −1M than the central that it is matched to, independently of the halo finder algorithm. However, when comparing matched centrals and matched satellites, their average properties agree between the outputs from the different finders. Even though the scatter can be quite high, we find that the distributions of different baryon properties do not vary significantly between the different runs, even including orphan galaxies. Overall, the run with the strongest differences in the stellar mass function is that with HBT which contains ∼ 30% less galaxies, while in the other runs the match is excellent. Another discrepancy is that GALFORM run on VELOCIraptor is accompanied by higher star formation rate density and smaller sizes. However, in all cases the amplitude of these differences is small and insufficient to make an impact on any comparison to observational properties. The reason behind the small impact of the choice of finder lies in the homogenising effect of GALFORM in the merger trees, which ensures a small uncertainty on the model results coming from the dark matter halo finding procedure.Many previous studies using semi-analytic models have focused predominantly on improving the phenomenological prescriptions of the baryonic physics governing galaxy formation as the vast uncertainties in these processes are critical in understanding the observable Universe. On the other hand, studies dedicated to "the dark universe" imply that technical issues concerning dark matter (DM) halo merger trees can also impose other uncertainties when modeling the observable universe. We examine the effect of using four different merger tree building algorithms, SUBFIND, HBT, ROCKSTAR and VELOCIraptor, on galaxy properties using the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation and evolution GALFORM with fixed model parameters, run on the EAGLE simulation in its dark matter only version. The construction of each Halo Finder causes some to be able to find some haloes that other finders do not and vice versa affecting the total number of haloes that are found. The differences in definitions or limits to distinguish the satellite and central haloes present in the Halo Finders, produce haloes which are found in two different halo catalogs with different central/satellite classification which impacts the way in which the galaxies that reside in these haloes evolve as, by construction in GALFORM, central galaxies retain their hot gas whereas satellite galaxies do not. The results of GALFORM show that the number of central and type 1 satellite galaxies (those that are hosted by a dark matter satellite subhalo) depend directly on the halo finder and its definition for central and satellite subhalo, which results in the ROCKSTAR run having a slight excess of galaxies. In contrast the number of type 2 satellite galaxies, i.e. galaxies that are not hosted by a resolved dark matter subhalo also called orphan galaxies, depends strongly on the tree builder. The number of type 2 satellite galaxies (orphans) resulting from the VELOCIraptor run is up to ∼ 2x higher than HBT, ROCKSTAR and SUBFIND, in agreement with the excess of merged dark matter satellite subhalo progenitors of VELOCIraptor; but these are only a small fraction of the galaxy population. When matching individual GALFORM galaxies in the four finders we find that the hot gas mass MHot Gas, cold gas mass MCold Gas and instantaneous star formation rates are significantly affected by the satellite and central subhalo type. When we have a central subhalo that has a satellite subhalo as its counterpart, the satellite galaxy has MHot Gas= 0 by definition and, consequently, lower MCold Gas and instantaneous SFR for MStellar< 108h −1M than the central that it is matched to, independently of the halo finder algorithm. However, when comparing matched centrals and matched satellites, their average properties agree between the outputs from the different finders. Even though the scatter can be quite high, we find that the distributions of different baryon properties do not vary significantly between the different runs, even including orphan galaxies. Overall, the run with the strongest differences in the stellar mass function is that with HBT which contains ∼ 30% less galaxies, while in the other runs the match is excellent. Another discrepancy is that GALFORM run on VELOCIraptor is accompanied by higher star formation rate density and smaller sizes. However, in all cases the amplitude of these differences is small and insufficient to make an impact on any comparison to observational properties. The reason behind the small impact of the choice of finder lies in the homogenising effect of GALFORM in the merger trees, which ensures a small uncertainty on the model results coming from the dark matter halo finding procedure.

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