Artículos de revistas
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Esta colección incluye artículos de revistas de profesores de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, publicados en revistas nacionales y extranjeras.
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Browsing Artículos de revistas by browse.metadata.categoriaods "01 Fin de la pobreza"
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- ItemA cohort analysis of the income distribution in Chile(2011) Sapelli, Claudio
- ItemA Community Disaster Resilience Index for Chile(2023) Bronfman, Nicolás; Castañeda González, Javiera Valentina; Guerrero Mancilla, Nikole Fernanda; Cisternas, Pamela; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Martínez, Carolina; Chamorro Giné, Marcela AlondraBronfman, Nicolás; Castañeda González, Javiera Valentina; Guerrero Mancilla, Nikole Fernanda; Cisternas, Pamela; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Martínez, Carolina; Chamorro Giné, Marcela AlondraAlthough Chile is one of the countries most exposed to natural hazards, to date there is no national index that shows the differences in resilience levels within the country. This study develops a community resilience index on a national scale based on the Baseline Resilience Community (BRIC) index. The BRIC index for Chile was built with 49 indicators, from different sources at the district level. Our results determined that resilience is not distributed homogeneously throughout the country. The highest levels of resilience are concentrated in the central macro-zone. In comparison, the extreme zones of Chile focus close to 90% of their population in the lowest levels, accounting for an uneven distribution of resources and services that impact resilience levels. These differences were mainly explained by indicators such as the percentage of the population without a health insurance system, the percentage of the population without internet access, and the percentage of electoral participation, among others. The results demonstrate that the BRIC model can be successfully implemented to assess community resilience in Chile and suggests the possibility of targeting resources and strategies to increase resilience in areas with the lowest levels of community resilience.
- ItemA defence of participation income(2016) Pérez Muñoz, Cristian
- ItemA Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurial Uncertainty and Business Opportunity Identification: Exploration as a Mediator and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy as a Moderator(2018) Schmitt, Antje; Rosing, Kathrin; Zhang, Stephen X.; Leatherbee Grant, Michael Gerald
- ItemA dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal trade within legal wildlife markets(2022) Oyanedel, Rodrigo; Gelcich, Stefan; Mathieu, Emile; Milner-Gulland, E. J.Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. Regulatory frameworks are needed to secure these diverse benefits of sustainable wildlife trade. However, regulations limiting trade can backfire, sparking illegal trade if demand is not met by legal trade alone. Assessing how regulations affect wildlife market participants' incentives is key to controlling illegal trade. Although much research has assessed how incentives at both the harvester and consumer ends of markets are affected by regulations, little has been done to understand the incentives of traders (i.e., intermediaries). We built a dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal wildlife trade within legal markets by focusing on incentives traders face to trade legal or illegal products. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach to infer illegal trading dynamics and parameters that might be unknown (e.g., price of illegal products). We showcased the utility of the approach with a small-scale fishery case study in Chile, where we disentangled within-year dynamics of legal and illegal trading and found that the majority (similar to 77%) of traded fish is illegal. We utilized the model to assess the effect of policy interventions to improve the fishery's sustainability and explore the trade-offs between ecological, economic, and social goals. Scenario simulations showed that even significant increases (over 200%) in parameters proxying for policy interventions enabled only moderate improvements in ecological and social sustainability of the fishery at substantial economic cost. These results expose how unbalanced trader incentives are toward trading illegal over legal products in this fishery. Our model provides a novel tool for promoting sustainable wildlife trade in data-limited settings, which explicitly considers traders as critical players in wildlife markets. Sustainable wildlife trade requires incentivizing legal over illegal wildlife trade and consideration of the social, ecological, and economic impacts of interventions.
- ItemA framework for assessing and intervening in markets driving unsustainable wildlife use(2021) Oyanedel, Rodrigo; Gelcich, Stefan; Milner-Gulland, E. J.Understanding how markets drive unsustainable wildlife use is key for biodiversity conservation. Yet most approaches to date look at isolated components of wildlife markets, hindering our ability to intervene effectively to improve sustainability. To better assess and intervene in wildlife markets, we propose a framework that integrates three analytical levels. The first level, "actor", assesses the underlying motivations and mechanisms that allow or constrain how actors benefit from wildlife markets. The second level, "inter-actor", assesses the config-uration of wildlife product supply-chains and the type of competition between actors participating in wildlife markets. The third level, "market", evaluates supply-demand dynamics, quantity and price determinants, and the presence and effect of illegal products flowing into markets. We showcase the utility of the framework in a data-limited small-scale fishery case study (common hake, Merluccius gayi gayi in Chile); our mixed-method analysis provided relevant, tailored management recommendations for improving sustainability. Tackling markets driving unsustainable wildlife use needs integrated approaches that bring together the diversity of factors affecting wildlife market dynamics. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- ItemA mediation analysis to disentangle relations between maternal education and early child development(2022) Telias, Amanda; Narea, Marigen; Abufhele, AlejandraMaternal education is associated with early child outcomes. However, the several mechanisms that may explain this relationship remain underexplored. Using data from 1,097 children aged 12-15 months in Chile, we estimate the maternal education gap across child cognitive and language outcomes. Following a bioecological perspective, we explore potential pathways by which maternal education might influence child development, such as child characteristics, the quantity and quality of mother-child interactions, and the availability of home stimulation. We found an average maternal education gap between children with mothers with the lowest and the highest educational levels of 0.36, 0.31, and 0.25 standard deviation in child cognition, expressive language, and receptive language, respectively. The mediational analysis showed that maternal stress and depression and the quality of the home environment mediated the relation between maternal education and child language and cognitive development.
- ItemA methodology for integrated critical spare parts and insurance management(2016) Martínez, A.; Pascual, R.; Maturana Valderrama, Sergio
- ItemA population-based retrospective cohort study of end-of-life emergency department visits by people with dementia: multilevel modelling of individual- and service-level factors using linked data(2023) Williamson, Lesley E.; Leniz, Javiera; Chukwusa, Emeka; Evans, Catherine J.; Sleeman, Katherine E.Background: emergency department (ED) visits have inherent risks for people with dementia yet increase towards the end-of-life. Although some individual-level determinants of ED visits have been identified, little is known about service-level determinants. Objective: to examine individual- and service-level factors associated with ED visits by people with dementia in the last year of life. Methods: retrospective cohort study using hospital administrative and mortality data at the individual-level, linked to health and social care service data at the area-level across England. The primary outcome was number of ED visits in the last year of life. Subjects were decedents with dementia recorded on the death certificate, with at least one hospital contact in the last 3 years of life. Results: of 74,486 decedents (60.5% women; mean age 87.1 years (standard deviation: 7.1)), 82.6% had at least one ED visit in their last year of life. Factors associated with more ED visits included: South Asian ethnicity (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.13), chronic respiratory disease as the underlying cause of death (IRR 1.17, 95% CI 1.14–1.20) and urban residence (IRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08). Higher socioeconomic position (IRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90–0.94) and areas with higher numbers of nursing home beds (IRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.78–0.93)—but not residential home beds—were associated with fewer ED visits at the end-of-life. Conclusions: the value of nursing home care in supporting people dying with dementia to stay in their preferred place of care must be recognised, and investment in nursing home bed capacity prioritised
- ItemA Psychological Examination of the Status Syndrome and Its Application for Promoting Well-Being(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2024) Rodríguez González, Laura Cristina; Repetto Lisboa, Paula BeatrizThe status syndrome proposed by Marmot is located at the closest level of influence within the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework, connecting the body's response to the mental states that arise from the subjective experience of social status. Marmot defines these psychological states through concepts of autonomy and social integration articulated in the Capability Approach (CA). These elements are further explored and expanded upon with the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), an empirically based framework with an extensive tradition of practical application. This lays the groundwork not only for understanding what makes a social environment conducive to well-being but also for shedding light on ways to promote it. The article goes beyond theoretical discussions by introducing a structured model based on the principles of the SDT for health promotion interventions. The model emphasizes the importance of providing a supportive atmosphere and is organized into four distinct phases aimed at aligning interventions with individual motivations, and cultural contexts. Ultimately, the goal is to engage individuals to actively participate in their own well-being while addressing the complexities associated with social inequalities in developed societies.
- ItemA quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the sustainability of industrialised building systems: A bibliographic review and analysis of case studies(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) López Guerrero, Rafael Eduardo; Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; CEDEUS (Chile)The building construction has a significant impact on sustainability worldwide. However, industrialised building systems (IBS) might reduce these impacts compared to traditional building systems (TBS). Previous literature reviews have analysed IBS's sustainability, based primarily on environmental aspects and through qualitative indicators, disregarding a detailed quantitative comparison between both technologies and nor considering economic and social sustainability indicators. To fill this gap, this paper aims to evaluate vis-à-vis IBS's sustainability in relation to TBS, based on the quantitative and qualitative indicators studied in the literature. Thus, an exhaustive bibliographic review of IBS and TBS case studies was conducted. In total, 67 scientific papers were selected (papers, book chapters and reports), containing 86 case studies. Major findings indicated that IBS are more sustainable in almost all studied values – except construction costs. Nevertheless, this advantage depends on material design, prefabrication levels, transportation, work management and each author's methodological approaches. These factors are discussed to explain the reasons for IBS′ sustainability. Furthermore, main conclusions indicate that sustainability assessments have been unbalanced in literature, with few analyses of economic and social performance, and some indicators have been poorly studied (e.g., water and acidification potential), so their results are not yet representative. Similarly, reusability, prefabrication levels and the social indicators of IBS were insufficiently analysed in the reviewed case studies. Finally, the current review highlights IBS sustainability indicators that have been less studied in order to motivate new investigations in the broader field, exposing the IBS sustainability outlook and other research gaps.
- ItemA review of Payment for Ecosystem Services for the economic internalization of environmental externalities : a water perspective(2016) Bellver Domingo, A.; Hernández Sancho, F.; Molinos Senante, María
- ItemA socioecological approach to explaining how economic inequality and psychological tendencies mutually constitute each other.(2023) Gobel, Matthias S.; Carvacho García, Héctor Sebastián
- ItemA Two-Level Theory of Presidential Instability(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2014) Luna, Juan Pablo; Murillo, Maria Victoria; Schrank, AndrewThis article analyzes the conditions that facilitate the ousting of Latin American presidents and the mechanisms that prevent their downfall. Drawing lessons from the impeachment of Paraguayan president Fernando Lugo, it extends previous arguments about the "legislative shield" to show that the same forces that sometimes conspire to terminate an administration at other times work to resist its demise. The argument underscores the interaction between legislators and social movements, two prominent actors in the literature on presidential instability. The article presents a two-level theory to identify possible configurations of mass and legislative alignments, and tests some implications of the theory with data for 116 Latin American presidents over 28 years. Multiple comparison tests based on random effects logistic models show that popular protests can be neutralized by strong support in Congress, and hint at the possibility that legislative threats can be neutralized by loyal demonstrators in the streets.
- ItemA “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu(2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
- ItemAcceso a la justicia: Una revisión conceptual de sus componentes(Onati International Institute for the Sociology of Law, 2022) Carvacho Traverso Pablo Antonio; Arriagada Isabel; Cofré Leonardo© 2022, Onati International Institute for the Sociology of Law. All rights reserved.Studies on access to justice use conceptual categories such as judiciable problems, legal needs, and courses of action. This study analyzes current standards in empirical studies on Access to justice and offers a dynamic, centered in people’s autonomy and comprehensive perspective of these concepts. It proposes that judiciable problems should be understood in a dynamic way and introduces the concepts of linked problems, clusters of problems, superproblems and secondary problems. It also distinguishes between the components of knowledge, will and economic resources in the configuration of instrumental, systemic and substantive legal needs. Finally, it offers a dynamic definition of the trajectories of access to justice in contrast to the idea of exclusive and independent stages. The dynamic, autonomic and comprehensive understanding of access to justice strengthens the analysis of access to justice in action.
- ItemAccess to healthcare for deaf people: a model from a middle-income country in Latin America(2020) Fuentes López, Eduardo; Fuente, A
- ItemAccurate control of a Bose-Einstein condensate by managing the atomic interaction(2010) Morales Molina, Luis Yansi
- ItemAct or Wait-and-See? Adversity, Agility, and Entrepreneur Wellbeing across Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic(2023) Stephan, Ute; Zbierowski, Przemyslaw; Perez-Luno, Ana; Wach, Dominika; Wiklund, Johan; Cabanas, Marisleidy Alba; Barki, Edgard; Benzari, Alexandre; Bernhard-Oettel, Claudia; Boekhorst, Janet A.; Dash, Arobindu; Efendic, Adnan; Eib, Constanze; Hanard, Pierre-Jean; Iakovleva, Tatiana; Kawakatsu, Satoshi; Khalid, Saddam; Leatherbee, Michael; Li, Jun; Parker, Sharon K.; Qu, Jingjing; Rosati, Francesco; Sahasranamam, Sreevas; Salusse, Marcus A. Y.; Sekiguchi, Tomoki; Thomas, Nicola; Torres, Olivier; Mi Hoang Tran; Ward, M. K.; Williamson, Amanda Jasmine; Zahid, Muhammad MohsinHow can entrepreneurs protect their wellbeing during a crisis? Does engaging agility (namely, opportunity agility and planning agility) in response to adversity help entrepreneurs safeguard their wellbeing? Activated by adversity, agility may function as a specific resilience mechanism enabling positive adaption to crisis. We studied 3162 entrepreneurs from 20 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and found that more severe national lockdowns enhanced firm-level adversity for entrepreneurs and diminished their wellbeing. Moreover, entrepreneurs who combined opportunity agility with planning agility experienced higher wellbeing but planning agility alone lowered wellbeing. Entrepreneur agility offers a new agentic perspective to research on entrepreneur wellbeing.
- ItemAdaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions(MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de GeografíaRegional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.