Síntesis de oligómeros peptoides empleando la reacción de Ugi-4C. Estudio de su uso como agente dopante en membranas de polisulfona para ultrafiltración
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2024
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En la actualidad, las principales causas de la desertificación y sequía a nivel mundial están relacionadas con la destrucción de los bosques y la consecuente erosión de los suelos, la sobreexplotación de los recursos hídricos, el exceso de riego, la salinización y la contaminación de las aguas. Existen en el mundo diversas alternativas para obtener agua potable para el consumo humano y para uso en la industria agrícola, por ejemplo: el tratamiento químico de aguas residuales provenientes tanto del sector agrícola como doméstico, la obtención de agua potable a partir de la desalinización del agua de mar empleando la energía térmica proveniente del Sol o mediante calentamiento artificial y la desalinización del agua de mar para obtener agua potable empleando diferentes sistemas de filtración por membranas.La implementación de la tecnología de membranas para la filtración de solutos disueltos en un fluido es un método eficaz de separación que ofrece ventajas como: separación continua sin adición de aditivos, bajos costos de inversión, bajo consumo de energía, reduce la emisión de residuos que atentan contra el medio ambiente, así como la recuperación de otros componentes que presentan cierto valor. Uno de los polímeros más empleados en la actualidad en la fabricación de membranas para la filtración de agua es la polisulfona (PSf). Sin embargo, la PSf por sí sola presenta ciertos inconvenientes relacionados con el ensuciamiento de la superficie, lo que disminuye su desempeño en el tiempo.Se ha comprobado que la incorporación de aditivos polares que aumenten la hidrofilia de la membrana de PSf disminuye el ensuciamiento de esta, por lo que este trabajo explora la síntesis y caracterización de ocho oligómeros peptoides obtenidos a través de la reacción Multicomponentes de Ugi (Ugi-4C). Estos oligómeros se utilizaron como aditivos polares en la preparación de membranas de PSf utilizando la técnica de inversión de fase. La incorporación de estos oligómeros permitió la evaluación de las propiedades de la membrana, incluyendo la morfología, la porosidad, la hidrofilicidad, la permeabilidad al agua y el rechazo de la albúmina de suero bovino (BSA). Los resultados demostraron que la adición de oligómeros con grupos polares mejoró significativamente la afinidad de las membranas por el agua, aumentando así su resistencia al ensuciamiento. Además, se encontró que el tamaño de poro y la porosidad variaban dependiendo de la concentración y la estructura del oligómero. Las membranas modificadas exhibieron una permeabilidad reducida, pero una mayor eficiencia de rechazo de BSA en comparación con las membranas de polisulfona sin modificar. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los oligómeros derivados de la reacción de Ugi-4C representan una estrategia eficaz para mejorar las propiedades de las membranas de ultrafiltración, las cuales podrían tener aplicaciones significativas en el tratamiento de agua y los procesos de separación de proteínas.
Currently, the main causes of desertification and drought worldwide are related to the destruction of forests and the resulting soil erosion, overexploitation of water resources, excessive irrigation, salinization and water pollution. There are various alternatives in the world to obtain drinking water for human consumption and for use in the agricultural industry, for example: chemical treatment of wastewater from both the agricultural and domestic sectors, obtaining drinking water from the desalination of seawater using thermal energy from the Sun or through artificial heating and desalination of seawater to obtain drinking water using different membrane filtration systems. The implementation of membrane technology for the filtration of dissolved solutes in a fluid is an effective separation method that offers advantages such as: continuous separation without the addition of additives, low investment costs, low energy consumption, reduced emission of waste that threatens the environment, as well as the recovery of other components that have a certain value. One of the most widely used polymers in the manufacture of water filtration membranes is polysulfone (PSf). However, PSf alone has certain drawbacks related to surface fouling, which decreases its performance over time. It has been proven that the incorporation of polar additives increases the hydrophilicity of the PSf membrane decreases its fouling, so this work explores the synthesis and characterization of eight peptoid oligomers obtained through the Ugi Multicomponent Reaction (Ugi-4C). These oligomers were used as polar additives in the preparation of PSf membranes using the phase inversion technique. The incorporation of these oligomers allowed the evaluation of the membrane properties, including morphology, porosity, hydrophilicity, water permeability and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection. The results demonstrated that the addition of oligomers with polar groups significantly improved the affinity of the membranes for water, thereby increasing their resistance to fouling. Furthermore, the pore size and porosity were found to vary depending on the oligomer concentration and structure. The modified membranes exhibited reduced permeability, but higher BSA rejection efficiency compared to unmodified polysulfone membranes. These findings suggest that oligomers derived from the Ugi-4C reaction represent an effective strategy to improve the properties of ultrafiltration membranes, which could have significant applications in water treatment and protein separation processes.
Currently, the main causes of desertification and drought worldwide are related to the destruction of forests and the resulting soil erosion, overexploitation of water resources, excessive irrigation, salinization and water pollution. There are various alternatives in the world to obtain drinking water for human consumption and for use in the agricultural industry, for example: chemical treatment of wastewater from both the agricultural and domestic sectors, obtaining drinking water from the desalination of seawater using thermal energy from the Sun or through artificial heating and desalination of seawater to obtain drinking water using different membrane filtration systems. The implementation of membrane technology for the filtration of dissolved solutes in a fluid is an effective separation method that offers advantages such as: continuous separation without the addition of additives, low investment costs, low energy consumption, reduced emission of waste that threatens the environment, as well as the recovery of other components that have a certain value. One of the most widely used polymers in the manufacture of water filtration membranes is polysulfone (PSf). However, PSf alone has certain drawbacks related to surface fouling, which decreases its performance over time. It has been proven that the incorporation of polar additives increases the hydrophilicity of the PSf membrane decreases its fouling, so this work explores the synthesis and characterization of eight peptoid oligomers obtained through the Ugi Multicomponent Reaction (Ugi-4C). These oligomers were used as polar additives in the preparation of PSf membranes using the phase inversion technique. The incorporation of these oligomers allowed the evaluation of the membrane properties, including morphology, porosity, hydrophilicity, water permeability and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection. The results demonstrated that the addition of oligomers with polar groups significantly improved the affinity of the membranes for water, thereby increasing their resistance to fouling. Furthermore, the pore size and porosity were found to vary depending on the oligomer concentration and structure. The modified membranes exhibited reduced permeability, but higher BSA rejection efficiency compared to unmodified polysulfone membranes. These findings suggest that oligomers derived from the Ugi-4C reaction represent an effective strategy to improve the properties of ultrafiltration membranes, which could have significant applications in water treatment and protein separation processes.
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Tesis (Doctor en Química)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025