Dialogue and sports supplementation: reflections from the social sciences: a systematic review
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Date
2026
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Abstract
Introduction: This systematic review investigates sports supplementation research from a social science perspective, focusing on the period from 2014 to 2024. Given the absence of a standard definition and shared taxonomy, the article explores the intricate interrelations among nutritional, psychological, commercial, cultural, historical, and sociological dimensions that constitute this field. Methods: A systematic review methodology was employed in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. Initially, 440 articles were screened, leading to a final selection of 56 relevant papers distributed across five central themes. Results: The analysis revealed complex interrelations among various dimensions, including nutritional, psychological, commercial, cultural, historical, and sociological factors. The five identified themes are as follows: Attitudes towards Supplements and Doping (N = 18): This theme explores psychosocial influences on substance use. Gateway to Doping (N = 9): It highlights the progression from initial supplement use to the adoption of prohibited substances. Networks and Key Actors (N = 8): This aspect maps the social and professional interactions that influence athletes’ decisions regarding supplementation. The Grey Area of Supplementation (N = 12): It addresses underrepresented populations and scientific uncertainties surrounding supplementation. Conceptual Ambiguity (N = 9): This theme confronts the ongoing lack of universal definitions and classifications in the field. Discussion: The findings support a dual taxonomy for classifying supplements into functional foods, individual nutrients, ergogenic supplements, and multi-ingredient products. Furthermore, they establish a hierarchy of scientific evidence, positioning randomised controlled trials as the “gold standard.” This research underscores how contemporary diets integrate cultural traditions, scientific advancements, and technological developments, while emphasising critical dualities: health vs. energy metabolism, risk vs. benefit, and safety vs. effectiveness.
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Keywords
athletic performance, doping, nutritional supplement, performance enhancement, social sciences