Capítulos de libros

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2 Golden rats and sick empires: portraying medicine, poverty, and the bubonic plague in La Peste
(Manchester University Press, 2022) Ragas Rojas, José Frank; Palma Maturana, Patricia Nataly; González Donoso, Guillermo Adrián
With a ten-million-euro budget and 400 extras on set, La Peste (The Plague) – a ten-episode TV show produced by Spanish communication conglomerate Movistar and aired in January 2018 – became not only the most ambitious production in Spanish television history but also an overnight sensation among viewers and critics. This chapter examines how La Peste combines historical accuracy and fiction to portray the role of medicine, health agents, and population around a late sixteenth-century epidemic outbreak. Its release coincided with the centennial of the Spanish flu that killed twenty to fifty million people around the globe. In placing the epidemic at the core of the narrative, the show unveils the multiple yet contradictory ways people from various social groups and backgrounds reacted to the pandemic: either to save their own lives, procure a cure for others, or to take advantage of the crisis. The chapter highlights what makes La Peste a relevant case to study. As part of its marketing campaign, the production team deliberately sought to trespass the screen and insert the narrative into people’s daily lives. This team designed in advance of the TV series an interactive website with digital resources on the history of medicine and historical sites. Furthermore, in the days prior to the launch, several golden rats appeared in the streets of Seville to announce the show. While some viewers expressed their discomfort with the crude scenes depicting poor living conditions, others engaged with the campaign. As a result of this, La Peste constitutes a fascinating example of the possibilities offered by TV shows as vehicles for disseminating historical medical knowledge to a vast audience.
Chapter 5 - Imagination and mind wandering: two sides of the same coin? A brain dynamics perspective
(2020) Villena González, Mario; Cosmelli, Diego; D. Preiss, David; Cosmelli, Diego; Kaufman, James C.
The renewed interest in mind wandering has produced a wealth of knowledge about brain mechanisms underlying the generation of spontaneous thoughts and stimulus-independent cognition. However, how this phenomenon relates to the more classically defined imagination, with which it shares several key phenomenological and psychological features, remains largely unexplored. Here, we discuss whether and how imagination relates to mind wandering and whether they depend on similar brain mechanisms. We pay particular attention to the spontaneous/deliberate contrast in both these phenomena and the importance of considering thought contents, modality, temporality, and emotional valence when studying stimulus-independent cognition. We draw from recent advances in brain connectivity studies to analyze the role that the brain's default mode network (DMN) might have in articulating these two pervasive aspects of human mental life. It appears that such an integrative process is likely to depend on a highly dynamical DMN, one that cannot be reduced simply to a resting state or self-related network. Ultimately, this challenges the idea that mind wandering and imagination are substantially different processes and suggests that it might be worth looking at them as part of the same type of self-generated mental activity.
Encapsulation technologies applied to bioactive phenolic compounds and probiotics with potential application on chronic inflammation
(Elsevier Inc. All, 2022) Ferrer Sierra, Miriam; Rodríguez López, Paloma; Leyva-Jiménez, Francisco Javier; Borras Linares, Isabel; Giacomazza, Daniela; Fredes González, Carolina Paz; Robert Canales, Paz Soledad; Segura Carretero, Antonio; Lozano Sánchez, Jesús
Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with multiple associated beneficial effects, especially focused on alleviating damage from oxidative stress and associated inflammatory processes. Furthermore, in recent years there has been growing research on the synergy, already reported, between polyphenols and the microbiota. However, the bioavailability of phenolic compounds in the body appears to be somewhat limited. Consequently, controlled release strategies such as encapsulations could be an effective alternative to ensure adequate delivery to the site of action. This chapter aims to review the literature published to date on the following: (1) Digestion and absorption of phenolic compounds, (2) encapsulation process applied to improve the bioaccesibility/bioavailability of these compounds, (3) probiotic encapsulation process, (4) known synergistic interactions between polyphenols and microbiota, associated with inflammatory processes.
Impact of Microglial Activation on Astroglial Connexin Expression and Function in Brain Inflammation
(Taylor and Francis publisher, 2013) Giaume, Christian; Froger, Nicolás; Orellana Roca, Juan Andrés; Retamal Lucero, Mauricio Antonio; Saéz Carreño, Juan Carlos
The central nervous system (CNS) is capable of dynamic immune and inŽammatory responses mediated by the activation of microglia, the brain resident macrophage population, and astrocyte reactivity. A growing body of evidence shows that the innate immune response exerts a dichotomous role in the brain. Under physiological conditions, microglia exhibit a resting phenotype that is associated with the production of anti-inŽammatory and neurotrophic factors. Microglia shift to an activated phenotype in response to a wide range of insults that activate speciŸc signaling pathways, thereby promoting an inŽammatory response necessary to further engage the immune system. The sustained inŽammation resulting in brain injury and pathology
Medicine-Hub: A New Teaching Tool for the Study of Sectional Anatomy
(Lancaster Univeristy, 2023) Montt Blanchard, Denise; Inzunza, Oscar; Neyem, Andrés; Caro Pinto, Iván
Medicine-Hub is a platform that integrates analogue and digital components, specially designed for the visualization of -and interaction with- high-fidelity anatomical structures matching the reality of a cadaveric preparation. This project presents a solution to the inequality gap generated by the scarcity of cadaveric dissections available for health career students.
Microglia Function in the Normal Brain
(2016) Heredia, María Florencia; Muñoz Reyes, Paola Cecilia; Salgado Cortés, Nicole Andrea; Von Bernhardi Montgomery, Rommy Edth B.
The activation of microglia has been recognized for over a century by their morphological changes. Long slender microglia acquire a short sturdy ramified shape when activated. During the past 20 years, microglia have been accepted as an essential cellular component for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of many brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, functional studies and imaging in mouse models indicate that microglia are active in the healthy central nervous system. It has become evident that microglia release several signal molecules that play key roles in the crosstalk among brain cells, i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with neurons, as well as with regulatory immune cells. Recent studies also reveal the heterogeneous nature of microglia diverse functions depending on development, previous exposure to stimulation events, brain region of residence, or pathological state. Subjects to approach by future research are still the unresolved questions regarding the conditions and mechanisms that render microglia protective, capable of preventing or reducing damage, or deleterious, capable of inducing or facilitating the progression of neuropathological diseases. This novel knowledge will certainly change our view on microglia as therapeutic target, shifting our goal from their general silencing to the generation of treatments able to change their activation pattern.
Mind Wandering
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2022) Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
Mind wandering plays a significant role in the psychological construction of possible worlds. It has a functional connection with pretend play, autobiographical planning, and creativity. Because of its association with pretend play, mind wandering is a precursor of creativity and imagination. Additionally, mind wandering is involved in the preparation for alternative futures during autobiographical planning. Thus, it has a strong connection with autonoetic awareness and episodic memory. Mind wandering is also related to idea generation during the incubation stage of the creative process. Moreover, during long-term endeavors, creative individuals adopt a disposition of mindful mind wandering. By advancing research on mind wandering, we will gain more knowledge about the multiple ways human beings transcend their current experience, in addition to open new inquiries about the relationship between consciousness, memory, and creativity.
Multi-circuit Recording in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease
(2023) García Núñez, Ximena Paz; Astudillo Valenzuela, Carolina Isabel; Fuentes Flores, Rómulo Antonio
One of the main features of Parkinson’s disease is the neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta which causes a fall of the levels of dopamine in the striatum. This leads to alterations of the neural activity in all the structures of the loop circuit formed by the cortex, the basal ganglia, and thalamus. These alterations are believed to underlie the bradykinesia and hypokinesia observed in Parkinson’s disease. To study the correlation or the causality between circuitry neural activity and specific parkinsonian motor symptoms, the circuit can be interrogated by simultaneous extracellular recordings in diverse brain structures in behaving freely moving animals modeling Parkinson’s disease. Hereby, we describe the procedure to obtain the classical 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson’s model combined with multi-area extracellular recordings in small behaving animals to access the activity of the parkinsonian cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Given that both the dopaminergic lesion caused by 6-hydroxydopamine, and the quality of the extracellular recordings have temporal dynamics of their own, the relative timing of both procedures is essential to obtain successful recording with high-quality signals.
New Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 agonists and applications to understanding the endocannabinoid system: A chemical approach
(Academic Press, 2023) Faúndez Parraguez, Manuel Ignacio
The modulation of the endocannabinoid system by synthetic ligands has allowed mediating several pathophysiological processes in the control of various diseases. The work of many chemists in designing drugs that activate cannabinoid receptors type I (CB1R) and type II (CB2R) has allowed exploring the structural requirements of new ligands to improve affinity and selectivity at both receptors. However, the functionality of these receptors remains poorly understood, and the efforts of medicinal chemists over the last 20 years have allowed the study and creation of new molecular templates to diversify the construction of new CB1R and CB2R agonists with potential therapeutic action. From the classical agonists derived from tetrahydrocannabinol and the agonist WIN-55,212-2, new compounds that modulate the signaling pathway of these receptors have been developed, and this review focuses on an analysis of various cannabinoid receptor agonists. A chemical description of the structural requirements that allowed new molecules with higher affinity and selectivity for these systems is provided.
Nutrients and Gene Expression in Development
(ACADEMIC PRESS LTD-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2020) Busso, Dolores; Santander Grez, Nicolás Guillermo; Salas Pérez, Francisca Lorena; Santos Martín, José Luis; De Caterina, Raffaele; Martinez, J. Alfredo; Kohlmeier, Martín
Development encompasses the formation of a complex organism starting from a unicellular zygote. This process requires finely tuned changes in gene expression across several cells and tissues, which may be regulated by a combination of stable and dynamic epigenetic modifications that make the DNA more or less accessible to transcriptional regulators. Diverse interdependent epigenetic mechanisms have been described, including DNA and histone methylation, histone acetylation, and silencing by micro RNAs. In the developing embryo or fetus, the epigenetic status is influenced by diverse environmental conditions, including maternal nutrition. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, gestational nutritional inadequacies may lead to congenital embryonic defects, suboptimal fetal growth, and/or reprogramming of tissues, which may determine different phenotypes or predispose individuals to chronic diseases later in life. During early pregnancy, abnormal methylation of certain genes resulting from nutritional inadequacies has been shown to increase the risk for congenital malformations that lead to perinatal death or postnatal disabilities. During mid to late pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, both undernutrition and overnutrition, has been shown to promote adaptive epigenetic changes in different organs that allow the embryo or fetus to cope with the intrauterine environment but that persist throughout life and may increase susceptibility to chronic diseases. Preconceptional nutrition in the mother, and paternal nutrition, also influence the epigenetic marks in the embryo. Nutrition seems to use epigenetics to tailor diversity and susceptibility to disease in animals and humans. Understanding nutrigenomics may be useful to understand evolution and promote health in future generations.
Role of Connexin Hemichannels in Neurodegeneration
(InTech, 2011) Orellana Roca, Juan Andrés; Sáez, Juan Carlos; Giaume, Christian
SISTEMA INNOVACIÓN DISTRIBUIDA (IDI): Plataforma, toolkit y directrices estratégicas de diseño para la producción distribuida en situaciones de emergencia
(Universidad del Desarrollo||Lancaster University, 2023) Mollenhauer Gajardo, Katherine Alexandra; Vivanco Larraín, Tomás; Tironi Rodo, Martin Carlos; Perez Peña, Gerardo Valeriano; Riveros Torres, Sara; Del Rio Alemparte, Cala; Millar Kleinsteuber, Esteban Alberto
Durante la pandemia el ecosistema maker enfrentó diversos desafíos en el desarrollo de soluciones para el sector salud. Se identificaron puntos de quiebre mediante metodologías de Diseño de Servicios y se determinaron criterios para un sistema de solución que desarrolle y facilite su actuar ante eventuales emergencias futuras.
Stories from Santiago: HIV/AIDS And Needed Health Systems Change
(EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2005) Ferrer Lagunas, Lilian Marcela; Issel, Michele; Cianelli A., Rosina

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