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Browsing CEDEUS by Subject "05 Gender equality"
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- ItemAssociation between maternity leave policies and postpartum depression: a systematic review(Springer, 2023) Hidalgo-Padilla, Liliana; Toyama, Mauricio; Hanae, Jessica; Tanaka, Zafra; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; CEDEUS (Chile)Purpose: Working mothers are at greater risk for postpartum depression. Maternity leave characteristics, including length, wage replacement and employment protection, could have relevant implications for mothers’ mental health. We propose to explore whether there is an association between maternity leave characteristics and postpartum depression. Methods: We conducted a systematic review searching for randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, cohort or cross-sectional studies on five databases using search terms including maternity and parental leave and depression, as well as references in relevant articles. We identified 500 articles and included 23 of those. We used the EPHPP Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Paid and longer maternity leaves tend to be associated with a reduction of postpartum depression symptoms in high-income countries. No studies explored the association between employment protection and postpartum depression. The quality of studies ranged from strong to weak, mostly influenced by study design. Conclusion: More restrictive maternity leave policies tend to be associated with higher rates of postpartum depression, although more research needs to be conducted in the Global South.
- ItemGender inequality, women's empowerment, and adolescent birth rates in 363 Latin American cities(2023) Braverman-Bronstein, Ariela; Ortigoza, Ana F.; Vidaña-Pérez, Dèsirée; Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Tonatiuh; Baldovino-Chiquillo, Laura; Bilal, Usama; Friche, Amélia Augusta de Lima; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Maslowsky, Julie; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Diez Roux, Ana V.; CEDEUS (Chile)Background: Gender inequality is high in Latin America (LA). Empowering girls and young women and reducing gender gaps has been proposed as a pathway to reduce adolescent pregnancy. We investigated the associations of urban measures of women's empowerment and gender inequality with adolescent birth rates (ABR) in 366 Latin American cities in nine countries. Methods: We created a gender inequality index (GII) and three Women Achievement scores reflecting domains of women's empowerment (employment, education, and health care access) using censuses, surveys, and political participation data at city and sub-city levels. We used 3-level negative binomial models (sub-city-city-countries) to assess the association between the GII and scores, with ABR while accounting for other city and sub-city characteristics. Results: We found within country heterogeneity in gender inequality and women's empowerment measures. The ABR was 4% higher for each 1 standard deviation (1-SD) higher GII (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01,1.06), 8% lower for each SD higher autonomy score (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.86, 0.99), and 12% lower for each SD health care access score (RR 0.88; 95%CI 0.82,0.95) after adjustment for city level population size, population growth, homicide rates, and sub-city population educational attainment and living conditions scores. Conclusion: Our findings show the key role cities have in reducing ABR through the implementation of strategies that foster women's socioeconomic progress such as education, employment, and health care access.
- ItemMachine learning for policing: a case study on arrests in Chile(2020) Wout, Elwin van't; Pieringer Baeza, Christian Philip; Torres Irribarra, David; Asahi Kodama, Kenzo Javier; Larroulet Philippi, Pilar; CEDEUS (Chile)Police agencies expend considerable effort to anticipate future incidences of criminal behaviour. Since a large proportion of crimes are committed by a small group of individuals, preventive measures are often targeted on prolific offenders. There is a long-standing expectation that new technologies can improve the accurate identification of crime patterns. Here, we explore big data technology and design a machine learning algorithm for forecasting repeated arrests. The forecasts are based on administrative data provided by the national Chilean police agencies, including a history of arrests in Santiago de Chile and personal metadata such as gender and age. Excellent algorithmic performance was achieved with various supervised machine learning techniques. Still, there are many challenges regarding the design of the mathematical model, and its eventual incorporation into predictive policing will depend upon better insights into the effectiveness and ethics of preemptive strategies.
- ItemUncovering gender-based violence and harassment in public transport: Lessons for spatial and transport justice(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Tiznado Aitken, Ignacio Andrés; Guerrero Barbosa, Thomas Edison; Sagaris, Lake; CEDEUS (Chile)When suitably organized, public transport plays an important role in social inclusion and equity by providing crucial access to social, political, and economic opportunities. Notwithstanding, a growing body of evidence points to gender-based harassment and violence associated with public transport journeys as significant barriers to women's travel. This raises important issues regarding spatial and transport justice. Using a survey in Santiago, Chile, this study explores gender-based violence and harassment experienced while accessing, egressing, and using public transport. We use zero-inflated and logistic regression models to explore individual, behavioral and spatial factors associated with gender violence, particularly sexual harassment, defined as unwanted touching, filming or photography, stalking or masturbation, and rape. We examine these factors differentiating by trip segment (access to and egress from the system versus in-vehicle experience) and public transport mode (bus and Metro). Our results show that 17.5% experienced four or more harassment situations. Public masturbation or rape primarily occurred on the journey to and from public transport (8.6%) and on board a bus (7.4%). Our models indicate a spatial component of harassment which intersects with behavioral and individual factors as trip frequency, trip purpose, gender, age, and income, reducing public transit's ability to serve women, particularly those in low-income living in more peripheral areas. This article contributes to knowledge regarding how these factors interact in a major city in the Global South, which has been under-explored to date. Our findings join other studies challenging theories of spatial and transport justice, which to date pay little attention to violence in general and gender-based violence in particular. We make suggestions for reinforcing theory in order to develop stronger solutions to ensure transport systems improve equity rather than locking in current discrimination and exclusions.
- ItemWork Status, Financial Stress, Family Problems, and Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Depression in Chile(Oxford University Press, 2019) González Medina, Gabriel; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)Introduction: It is widely known that women have a higher prevalence of depression than men. These differences may be explained by social differences between women and men due to gender roles. In Chile, as elsewhere, women have greater household responsibilities, lower job incomes, and especially low labor market participation. However, the incidence of these gender differences on the higher prevalence of depression in women requires further study in the Chilean context. Objective: To identify main social differences between women and men associated with gender differences in the prevalence of depression in middle-aged Chilean men and women. Data source: Data comes from the second Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010), a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample (n = 2771) composed of 1103 men and 1668 women (39.8 and 60.2%, respectively), whose age range goes from 25 to 55 years old. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Methods: Prevalence ratios were calculated through Poisson regression models to estimate associations between the prevalence of past episodes of depression and social stressful life events variables for men and women separately. Gender prevalence ratios of depression (Gender PR) adjusted for age and subsequently adjusted by the social and stressful life events variables. The analyses considered factors such as age, educational level, per-capita household income, work status, role as the head of household, marital status, events of violence, family problems, personal health problems or accidents, and self-reported financial stress. Results: This study finds that doing housework, reporting a serious family problem and having high financial stress were associated with a higher prevalence of depression in both genders. Whereas, health problems were only associated with prevalence in men. The age-adjusted gender PR was 2.84 [confidence interval (CI): 2.0-4.1], and when all selected variables were included attenuated to a PR of 1.86 (CI 1.3-2.7). The variable most strongly associated with depression in the fully-adjusted model was housework (PR: 5.3; CI: 1.3-21.0). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study finds that depression in in Chile is associated with social factors such as participation in housework, family problems, and financial stress, all of which are more common in women. To make further progress in the study of this public health problem in Chile, it is essential to incorporate more detailed characterization of gender roles in surveys and other studies. Likewise, social policies and interventions that contribute to reduce gender social inequalities in the exposure to adverse life circumstances can contribute to reduce unnecessary and avoidable gender disparities in health.