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Browsing Centros UC by Subject "01 No Poverty"

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    A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
    (2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
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    Health inequalities related to informal employment : gender and welfare state variations in the Central American region
    (2020) Rodriguez-Loureiro, L.; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Franzoni, J. M.; Lopez-Ruiz, M.; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    Non-Standard Employment and Unemployment during the COVID-19 Crisis: Economic and Health Findings from a Six-Country Survey Study
    (MDPI, 2022) Gunn, Virginia; Vives, Alejandra; Zaupa, Alessandro; Hernando-Rodriguez, Julio C.; Julia, Mireia; Kvart, Signild; Lewchuk, Wayne; Padrosa, Eva; Vos, Mattias Philippe; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Baron, Sherry; Bosmans, Kim; Davis, Letitia; Diaz, Ignacio; Matilla-Santander, Nuria; Muntaner, Carles; O'Campo, Patricia; Ostergren, Per-Olof; Vanroelen, Christophe; Vignola, Emilia F.; Bodin, Theo; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The COVID-19 crisis is a global event that has created and amplified social inequalities, including an already existing and steadily increasing problem of employment and income insecurity and erosion of workplace rights, affecting workers globally. The aim of this exploratory study was to review employment-related determinants of health and health protection during the pandemic, or more specifically, to examine several links between non-standard employment, unemployment, economic, health, and safety outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Canada, the United States, and Chile, based on an online survey conducted from November 2020 to June 2021. The study focused on both non-standard workers and unemployed workers and examined worker outcomes in the context of current type and duration of employment arrangements, as well as employment transitions triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. The results suggest that COVID-19-related changes in non-standard worker employment arrangements, or unemployment, are related to changes in work hours, income, and benefits, as well as the self-reported prevalence of suffering from severe to extreme anxiety or depression. The results also suggest a link between worker type, duration of employment arrangements, or unemployment, and the ability to cover regular expenses during the pandemic. Additionally, the findings indicate that the type and duration of employment arrangements are related to the provision of personal protective equipment or other COVID-19 protection measures. This study provides additional evidence that workers in non-standard employment and the unemployed have experienced numerous and complex adverse effects of the pandemic and require additional protection through tailored pandemic responses and recovery strategies.
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    The Relation Between Precarious Employment Arrangements and Social Precarity: Findings from the PREMIS Study in Stockholm, Sweden
    (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2021) Matilla Santander, Nuria; Jonsson, Johanna; Kreshpaj, Bertina; Orellana, Cecilia; Benach, Joan; Badarin, Kathryn; Burstrom, Bo; Vives, Alejandra; Kjellberg, Katarina; Stromdahl, Susanne; Johansson, Gun; Ostergren, Per Olof; Bodin, Theo; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Precarious employment (PE) is a well-known social determinant of health and health inequalities. However, as most previous studies have focused on physical and mental well-being, less is known about the social-related outcomes (ie, social precarity) associated with precarious arrangements. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate whether PE is associated with social precarity in a working population of 401 nonstandard employed workers in Stockholm, Sweden (2016-2017). PE was assessed with the Swedish version of the Employment Precarious Scale (EPRES-Se) and analyzed in relation to social precarity related to working life (eg, task quality and job security) and living conditions (eg, restraint in social activities and financial constraints). We found positive adjusted associations between quartiles of EPRES-Se and social precarity related to working life (eg, being locked in an occupation [aPR(q4):1.33 [1.10-1.61]]) and living conditions (eg, inability to participate in social activities because of work [aPR(q4):1.27 [1.10-1.46]]). Our findings suggest that individuals in PE experience social precarity, stressing that PE may have negative effects on well-being. Further studies using multidimensional constructs of PE and larger samples should analyze these findings according to social and policy contexts in order to be able to inform policymakers.
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    Visual effects: a fake indigenous warrior, a contested hill and urban imaginaries of indigeneity in Santiago de Chile
    (Wiley, 2022) Casagrande, Olivia; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
    In Latin American cities, indigenous peoples' presence is often overlooked: symbols and iconographies either exclude them as a minority or 'memorialise' them as part of a distant past. Through ethnographic observation, walking and visual narrative analysis, and adapting Charles Hale's constructions of indigeneity, this article examines the different representations of indigeneity in urban public space in Santiago de Chile. It interrogates its forms and multiple meanings and the ways in which these are challenged and appropriated by current indigenous artistic production and activism, highlighting the struggle to emphasise contemporary, hybrid lived experiences rather than essentialised, neo-colonial memorialisation. The article addresses urban imaginaries of indigeneity as an arena for the struggle between different representations, which are highly relevant to the new Chilean Constitution and demands for pluri-nationalism, and form part of an ongoing (de)construction of entrenched power relations.