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- ItemA structured methodology for improving the owner-contractor relationship in construction projects(Routledge. Taylor & Francis LTD, 1999) Serpell Bley, AlfredoGiven the complexity of the relationship between owners and contractors in construction projects, research work has been carried out to identify mechanisms to facilitate the understanding between these parts. Based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach, an exploratory study on the form of rationalising this relationship has been conducted and its preliminary results are presented in this paper. Within this research effort, a model that puts emphasis in the factors that, depending on the type of contract, can improve the performance of the project has been developed. This model helps to structure a set of information through a matrix scheme that allows the weighting of each relevant characteristic of the commercial relationship between the client and the contractor with the purpose of prioritising between them. The scheme uses a cross-impact approach and provides a sequential methodology that conditions the achievement of the owner's objectives to the actions of the contractor and to his own key contract management elements that influence the contractor's behaviour. It is proposed here that this methodology could constitute a useful decision tool for the owner when developing and executing a construction project.
- ItemChile: School leadership challenged by double accountability towards schools(ROUTLEDGE, 2016) Weinstein, Jose; Marfan, Javiera; Horn, Andrea; Munoz, Gonzalo; Easley II, Jacob; Tulowitzki, PierreThe presence of accountability conceptualization in educational research is related to a pro-accountability trend in school systems, which has been described, among others, by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and specifically for the United States by Darling-Hammond. Under the dictatorship of General Pinochet, Chile experienced a sort of capitalist revolution, becoming a country where the neoliberal ideas of Milton Friedman were put into full swing, elevating the market as playing a significant role in national development. The main achievement attained by this market system was the growth in numbers of students inside the school system. The Preferential School Subvention Law (SEP) revolutionized the top-down support forms, based on centralized programs, which in the 1990s the Ministry of Education set in motion in order to boost the educational quality of most vulnerable facilities. The main results that principals are supposed to achieve are in line with the two forms of accountability that have become prevalent in Chilean school system.
- ItemDictatorship and the Cold War in Official Chilean History Textbooks(PALGRAVE, 2019) Oteiza Silva Maria Teresa; Castro, Claudia; Christophe, B; Gautschi, P; Thorp, R© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.This chapter reports on a study that explored how a group of EFL preservice teachers integrated content and language as they planned a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) unit designed for young learners. This classroom-based study was designed in an initial English language teacher education programme in Chile and was offered in a didactics course. In this course, a range of teaching strategies were taught—including CLIL and Reading to Learn (R2L)—to prepare preservice teachers to integrate content and language into their classrooms. Specifically, in this chapter we analyse five unit plans designed by 15 Chilean preservice teachers and their associated reflections on the challenges they faced planning the integration of content and language. Results of the research suggested that although participants attempted to integrate content and language in a balanced way, units tended to be content-focused, and the language elements were largely limited to vocabulary teaching. Therefore, the integration was not necessarily pedagogically effective in its guiding ambition. Yet, there were some well-intentioned efforts to integrate language and content as participants designed reading and writing activities which encouraged the use of vocabulary in a meaningful way, with some evidence of the implementation of some R2L principles. Given this context, the chapter seeks to further understand how EFL preservice teachers learn to teach CLIL, as well as providing several recommendations on how to assist future teachers move most effectively beyond vocabulary teaching when integrating content and language in EFL teaching context.
- ItemInequality and Class Consciousness(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2019) Carvacho, Hector; Alvarez, Belen; Jetten, J; Peters, KRecent institutional and cultural changes have allowed individuals to gradually (but persistently) follow more complex, less uniform, and less predictable work and family patterns than the patterns often assumed to be the norm in Western settings. However, we identify important gaps in this literature: (i) a persistent focus on high-income countries in Western Europe and North America, (ii) an emphasis on narrowed periods of adulthood, and (iii) a disregard for coresidential histories when analyzing the family domain. In this paper, we aim to address these shortcomings in two ways. First, we identify lifetime employment and coresidential trajectories of individuals living currently in Santiago, Chile, born between 1944 and 1954-a cohort that faced several political, economic, and cultural changes across their lives. Second, we explore how gender and socioeconomic disadvantages are associated with individuals' life trajectories. We conduct a multichannel sequence analysis of a comprehensive life history dataset and find that about a quarter of the sample (27.2%) follows a modal pattern of continuous formal full-time employment and coresidence with a partner and children. The remaining proportion of individuals follow more complex, unstable, and interrupted patterns, which vary in their levels of work attachment, work informality, solo parenthood, and intergenerational households. Our findings question the idea that socially advantaged individuals opt for more complex life courses and instead confirm the association between socially disadvantaged individuals, particularly women and those lower educated, and complex trajectories. Rather than deliberate individualistic choices, life course instability appears as an additional layer of social disadvantage.
- ItemNutrients and Gene Expression in Development(ACADEMIC PRESS LTD-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2020) Busso, Dolores; Santander Grez, Nicolás Guillermo; Salas Pérez, Francisca Lorena; Santos Martín, José Luis; De Caterina, Raffaele; Martinez, J. Alfredo; Kohlmeier, MartínDevelopment encompasses the formation of a complex organism starting from a unicellular zygote. This process requires finely tuned changes in gene expression across several cells and tissues, which may be regulated by a combination of stable and dynamic epigenetic modifications that make the DNA more or less accessible to transcriptional regulators. Diverse interdependent epigenetic mechanisms have been described, including DNA and histone methylation, histone acetylation, and silencing by micro RNAs. In the developing embryo or fetus, the epigenetic status is influenced by diverse environmental conditions, including maternal nutrition. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, gestational nutritional inadequacies may lead to congenital embryonic defects, suboptimal fetal growth, and/or reprogramming of tissues, which may determine different phenotypes or predispose individuals to chronic diseases later in life. During early pregnancy, abnormal methylation of certain genes resulting from nutritional inadequacies has been shown to increase the risk for congenital malformations that lead to perinatal death or postnatal disabilities. During mid to late pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, both undernutrition and overnutrition, has been shown to promote adaptive epigenetic changes in different organs that allow the embryo or fetus to cope with the intrauterine environment but that persist throughout life and may increase susceptibility to chronic diseases. Preconceptional nutrition in the mother, and paternal nutrition, also influence the epigenetic marks in the embryo. Nutrition seems to use epigenetics to tailor diversity and susceptibility to disease in animals and humans. Understanding nutrigenomics may be useful to understand evolution and promote health in future generations.
- ItemPAIN IS MEASURED AND DETAILED Representations of Pain and Guilt in the Works of Alejandro Zambra and Carlos Gamerro(ROUTLEDGE, 2022) Areco, Macarena© 2023, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.Few studies on large Latin American cities have addressed socio-environmental conflictive in its non-exceptional dimension, that is, in its everyday or banal dimension. This article analyzes which are the banal environmental problems, where they are reported, and what is the relationship between complaints and urban territories, in terms of socioeconomic level, density, and types of land occupation. The analysis is based on a database of environmental citizen complaints reported to the Superintendence of the Environmental and to the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, among which three communes —Independencia, Lo Barnechea and San Bernardo— are examined in detail. The municipal data were then georeferenced and statistically and spatially analyzed. The research shows that mixed residential sectors with high density are those that concentrate more complaints, mainly about noise. From the nature of the environmental claims and the spatial analysis of this database, we reflect about a new geography of urban conflict in its banal dimension, and its meaning in terms of citizen constructions of the environment in different territories of the city.
- ItemPedagogy of resistance: against manufactured ignorance(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2023) Barahona Durán, María Alba
- ItemPound and Influence(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2020) Parker Richard Thomas ArieThis article presents and analyzes the potential contribution of the new Law of Contributions to Public Space, to the financing and implementation of public spaces. This article simulates the contribution of private intensive residential densification operations in 15 neighborhoods of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago. The Law constitutes a framework for moving towards balanced urban development through payments for impacts proportional to density. However, the results show that the contribution percentage is insufficient to implement the communal and inter-communal investment plans. In turn, their final contribution in land or money transfer responds to location or lot characteristics because tax assessment and the lot area have greater impact than the density of the residential building, on the contribution to public space. It is shown that when calculating the contributions with the occupation density, distortions occur with respect to the density planned by local zoning instruments.
- ItemQuinoa Breeding and Genomics(Wiley, 2019) Murphy, Kevin M.; Matanguihan, Janet B.; Fuentes Carmona, Francisco Fabián; Rayda Gomez Pando, Luz; Jellen, Eric N.; Maughan, Peter J.; Jarvis, David E.The production and consumption of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) have grown rapidly in recent years, spreading far beyond its traditional growing region of the Andes Mountains in South America. The increase in consumption is due primarily to its high nutritional value and flavorful seed, whereas the expansion in production area is due to the broad adaptability of the species across a wide range of latitudes, altitudes, precipitation zones, soil types, and salinity levels. Efforts are underway across the globe to develop regionally resilient quinoa cultivars and productive cropping systems. The recent publication of the quinoa genome has opened avenues of research previously unavailable in quinoa breeding and should contribute substantially to the development of improved cultivars. This chapter reviews the evolution of quinoa and its wild relatives, the traditional ecotypes from which the majority of modern cultivars descend, and the history of quinoa breeding in South America. It discusses quinoa's reproductive and pollination systems, as well as recent advances in the genetics and genomics of this allotetraploid species. Following an overview of quinoa breeding methods, it focuses on breeding objectives, including yield potential, traits of agronomic importance, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and characteristics of critical importance to end-use quality and nutritional value.
- ItemSelf-regulated Learning and Conceptual Development in Young Children: The Development of Biological Understanding(SPRINGER, 2012) Whitebread, David; Grau Cárdenas, Valeska Valentina; Zohar, A; Dori, YJWithin an understanding of metacognition as a process embedded within the self-regulated learning construct, this chapter presents a review of different theoretical models relating the concepts of self-regulated learning and metacognitive skills to models of conceptual change and learning in a domain. This review stresses a developmental perspective and an in-depth analysis of these relationships within the scientific domain. In this context, theories of self-regulated learning and intentional conceptual change are analysed and discussed in the light of recent evidence from empirical studies. Evidence will also be presented from an empirical study, carried out by the authors, which illustrates the relationship between these constructs in the early years of schooling in relation to the biological domain. Through a multiple case study approach and a microgenetic perspective, eight cases belonging to the third grade of primary school were followed during one academic semester. The data collected involved observations of the children in the multiple contexts of collaborative group work activities within the classroom and individual activities and assessments which varied in their demands upon domain-specific knowledge and cognitive strategies. Implications for the relationship between self-regulated learning and conceptual change in science learning are discussed, including theoretical implications and practical suggestions to foster learning through interventions in the science classroom. The predominant type of metacognition observed in this study was of on-line regulation, namely, planning, monitoring, control and reflection during students learning. The article also examines the interrelationships between metacognition and intentional conceptual change (ICC) and between metacognition and self-regulation.
- ItemSlow Recoveries(WORLD BANK INST, 2010) Bergoeing, Raphael; Loayza, Norman V.; Repetto, Andrea; Loayza, NV; Serven, LIn this study, we examine residential trajectories since birth among older adults in the Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile, and their association with health outcomes. We linked retrospective residential information for a sample of 802 individuals aged 65-75 in 2019 to context-based information from decennial censuses. Our analysis reveals substantive heterogeneity in individuals' residential trajectories, thus mirroring social and urban changes in Chile's largest city. We found significant associations between residential histories and health outcomes at the time of the interview. Consistent residence in advantaged areas was linked to better health, whereas relocating to the metropolitan area from elsewhere was generally linked to poorer health, except for those moving to emerging middle-class areas. These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal and life course approaches in understanding the complex relationship between place and health.
- ItemThe Vocabulary of Tenderness: Maternal Feelings towards the Christ Child among Spanish American Nuns(BRILL, 2021) Keller, Natalia; Sanfuentes, OlayaNo posee resumen
- ItemWOMEN AND WAR IN THE COLONIAL SPANISH AMERICAN EPIC Gendered Boundaries and Erotic Conquest(ROUTLEDGE, 2022) Carneiro Araujo Sarissa© 2022 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS. All rights reserved.From an iconic-textual perspective, I propose a reading of the «episodio de don Melón de la Huerta y de doña Endrina» from Libro de buen amor, in light of the concept of trompe l'oeil. In doing so, two fundamental aspects of medieval literature and the work of the Arcipreste de Hita will be addressed: the imagocentric configuration and the use of ambiguity as the result of a constructive will. I demonstrate how the deception associated with the love experience explains the identity mutation of the poetic self, which, in a game of confused tension between materiality and referentiality, will assume a new profile, of plastic nature, to the point of standing as the protagonist of a peculiar still life.
- ItemWords and Concepts in Motion: Hilary of Poitiers between East and West(Brill-Schoningh, 2023) Fernández, SamuelThe present article studies the Latin translation of the Greek technical theological terms by Hilary of Poitiers during the so-called Arian crisis. On the one hand, the study of these words shows the Bishop of Poitiers as the main translator of doctrinal documents related to the theological controversy of the fourth century. On the other hand, these translations of technical terms produced during the controversy witness the way the Latin-speaking bishops understood or misunderstood these crucial Greek terms.