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A Call for Biomonitoring Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Considerations for Potentially Toxic Metals/ Metalloids
(Ubiquity Press, 2022) Tamayo-Ortiz, Marcela; Riojas-Rodríguez, Horacio; Téllez-Rojo, Marta M.; Boischio, Ana; Mañay, Nelly; Menezes-Filho, José Antonio; Queirolo, Elena I.; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; Kordas, Katarzyna; CEDEUS (Chile)
The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region makes up 8.4% of the world’s population. Human biomonitoring (HBM) programs, which can shed light on populationlevel exposure to environmental contaminants such as toxic metals and thus, improve the health of the populations are inexistent in LAC countries. We call for the creation of HBM programs in the region and identify three viable design options for HBM at the individual level, through national surveys, newborn blood collection, and biobanks. We highlight some of challenges to the implementation of HBM programs, including financial and human resources, technical constrains (laboratory), sample, and data logistics. Finally, we provide the case studies of Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay, to illustrate a range of responses to toxic metal exposure in non-occupational populations. Although different in many respects, the individual country responses share two commonalities: 1) academic centers drive the research to raise awareness of governmental entities; 2) reference levels are adapted from international norms rather than arising from the studied populations. Well-designed and sufficiently funded biomonitoring systems need to be established in each country of the LAC region. HBM programs are key to promoting human health by informing the public and contributing to policy processes that establish sustainable environmental controls and health prevention programs.
A discrete-event public transportation simulation model to evaluate travel demand management impacts on waiting times and crowding conditions
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Soza-Parra, J.; Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; CEDEUS (Chile)
Several approaches have been proposed and adopted by researchers and decision-makers to improve and deal with public transport operation issues, especially travel demand management (TDM) measures. Disruptions like lockdowns provoked by weather conditions, political riots, special events, natural disaster issues, or the recent COVID-19 pandemic create a need for tools to manage public transport demand and supply o keep users circulating in an efficient, convenient and safe manner. Our work develops a simulation tool of the operations of a public transport system using smart card, GTFS and census data to evaluate the impacts of different intervention scenarios using the pandemic context as a case study. Using a pre-pandemic baseline scenario, we study the impact of several travel demand and public transport supply measures, focusing the analysis on waiting times and crowding conditions inside vehicles and platforms. As a result, we generate easy-to-analyze visual outputs that facilitate prioritizing actions at the metropolitan and district level, identifying where and when waiting times and crowding conditions would exceed certain thresholds.
A greener urban environment: designing green infrastructure interventions to promote citizens’ subjective wellbeing
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Navarrete-Hernández, Pablo; Laffan, Kate; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos
Research using subjective wellbeing (SWB) measures finds that the greener an individual's local environment is, the higher the levels of happiness and the lower levels of stress they tend to report experiencing. This literature presents positive associations between existing large-scale green spaces, such as urban parks or squares, and the wellbeing of residents living in close proximity to them. In contrast, in the current work, we present a novel approach which combines SWB measures with photo simulation in order to examine the impact of street-level green infrastructure interventions on the people's perceptions of the SWB associated with urban sites. We tested the approach with the attendees of the 20th Biennale on Architecture and Urbanism in Chile in 2017, exploring the impact of four different types of street-level green interventions. The results indicate that all types of green interventions considered significantly increase the perceived happiness and reduce the perceived stress associated with the sites during short exposures, with varying effect sizes across different types and scales of interventions. The proposed technique could be used in urban planning processes to examine the potential SWB benefits of green infrastructure investments prior to their being rolled out.
A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the sustainability of industrialised building systems: A bibliographic review and analysis of case studies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) López Guerrero, Rafael Eduardo; Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; CEDEUS (Chile)
The building construction has a significant impact on sustainability worldwide. However, industrialised building systems (IBS) might reduce these impacts compared to traditional building systems (TBS). Previous literature reviews have analysed IBS's sustainability, based primarily on environmental aspects and through qualitative indicators, disregarding a detailed quantitative comparison between both technologies and nor considering economic and social sustainability indicators. To fill this gap, this paper aims to evaluate vis-à-vis IBS's sustainability in relation to TBS, based on the quantitative and qualitative indicators studied in the literature. Thus, an exhaustive bibliographic review of IBS and TBS case studies was conducted. In total, 67 scientific papers were selected (papers, book chapters and reports), containing 86 case studies. Major findings indicated that IBS are more sustainable in almost all studied values – except construction costs. Nevertheless, this advantage depends on material design, prefabrication levels, transportation, work management and each author's methodological approaches. These factors are discussed to explain the reasons for IBS′ sustainability. Furthermore, main conclusions indicate that sustainability assessments have been unbalanced in literature, with few analyses of economic and social performance, and some indicators have been poorly studied (e.g., water and acidification potential), so their results are not yet representative. Similarly, reusability, prefabrication levels and the social indicators of IBS were insufficiently analysed in the reviewed case studies. Finally, the current review highlights IBS sustainability indicators that have been less studied in order to motivate new investigations in the broader field, exposing the IBS sustainability outlook and other research gaps.
A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
(2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
Accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos según movilidad y modos de transporte en una ciudad media, Los Ángeles, Chile
(Universidad Compultense Madrid, 2019) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Martínez Bascuñán, Marcela; De la Fuente Contreras, Helen; Schäfer Faulbaum, Andrés; Aguilera Saéz, Felipe; Fuentes Mella, Gloria; Peyrín Fuentes, Consuelo; Carrasco Montagna Cruz, Juan; CEDEUS (Chile)
La relación entre distribución de equipamientos y servicios en sus diferentes ni-veles de accesibilidad según modos de transporte, muestra una serie de patrones espaciales de movilidad en la ciudad de Los Ángeles (Chile). El estudio analiza la accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos en modos de transporte, mediante una serie indicadores cuantitativos, utilizando análisis de redes. Se emplean datos de viajes en modos de transporte privado, público y caminata, de la encuesta Origen-Destino (2004). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la accesibilidad entre el centro y periferia de Los Ángeles. De hecho, la población del centro tiene alta acce-sibilidad, concentrando las mayores y mejores oportunidades. En contraste, la po-blación periférica en crecimiento que, en su mayoría, viaja largas distancias para acceder, especialmente en caminata. Este análisis contribuye a discutir sobre las implicancias de las oportunidades y el papel del transporte en la movilidad de ciu-dades medias de Latinoamérica con un centro preponderante.
Adaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions
(MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.
Aportes y desafíos del Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA) a la conservación de la biodiversidad en Chile
(Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante, 2019) Henríquez Ruiz, Cristian Gonzalo; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
Environmental impact assessment systems are preventive management instruments whose main objective is to include environmental considerations in the processes and activities accompanying economic growth in a nation. The influence of these systems in the conservation of biodiversity is fundamental, since within the evaluation process, they enable identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts, as well as defining reparations, compensations, or mitigations. Halting the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities and climate change is a global objective. Chile is also facing this challenge, considering its status of Biodiversity Hotspot, projections associated with climate change, and the outstanding issues that the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA) shows regarding biodiversity conservation. The latest, based on the lack of strategic view when considering issues such as the territorial scope of the environmental impacts generated by the projects, under a systemic and transversal approach. This research analyses the main changes experienced since the creation of SEIA, and compares this system with other evaluation systems used in Latin America. National statistics on investment projects potentially affecting the conservation of biodiversity are given. Two issues are addressed to guide discussion of the operational changes that should be encouraged by the Chilean government, namely: 1) internalising the importance of protecting biodiversity beyond current regulations, and; 2) introducing improvements in environmental legislation that could indirectly lead to improvements in SEIA. The research concludes on the importance of strengthening the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and its integration with the SEIA, in order to encourage better project designs by including sustainability from the beginning.
Association between maternity leave policies and postpartum depression: a systematic review
(Springer, 2023) Hidalgo-Padilla, Liliana; Toyama, Mauricio; Hanae, Jessica; Tanaka, Zafra; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; CEDEUS (Chile)
Purpose: Working mothers are at greater risk for postpartum depression. Maternity leave characteristics, including length, wage replacement and employment protection, could have relevant implications for mothers’ mental health. We propose to explore whether there is an association between maternity leave characteristics and postpartum depression. Methods: We conducted a systematic review searching for randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, cohort or cross-sectional studies on five databases using search terms including maternity and parental leave and depression, as well as references in relevant articles. We identified 500 articles and included 23 of those. We used the EPHPP Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Paid and longer maternity leaves tend to be associated with a reduction of postpartum depression symptoms in high-income countries. No studies explored the association between employment protection and postpartum depression. The quality of studies ranged from strong to weak, mostly influenced by study design. Conclusion: More restrictive maternity leave policies tend to be associated with higher rates of postpartum depression, although more research needs to be conducted in the Global South.
Barreras estructurales en la caminabilidad y accesibilidad a escala de barrio. Estudio de tres casos en Santiago de Chile
(2020) Berrios Álvarez, Emilio Moisés; Greene, Margarita; CEDEUS (Chile)
Dada la relevancia de la accesibilidad a bienes y servicios urbanos en la calidad de vida de los habitantes, y considerando que la caminata representa el principal modo de transporte en el Gran Santiago -34,6% de los viajes, según la Encuesta de Origen y Destino de 2012 (Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 2014)-, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar las barreras estructurales que inciden en el área caminable a escala de barrio y estimar sus posibles efectos en los patrones de movilidad y acceso a bienes y servicios, en tres conjuntos habitacionales del Gran Santiago: población Juan Antonio Ríos sector 3B (Independencia), villa San Cristóbal (Recoleta) y villa Los Sauces (La Florida). Para cada caso, se identificaron las principales barreras materiales, ya sean naturales (ríos, cerros) o artificiales (carreteras, pasos bajo/sobre nivel) y algunas barreras intangibles (asociadas a la seguridad vial o delictual). Se comparó la superficie teórica máxima del barrio caminable (euclidiana) con la “real” calculada mediante análisis de red (sobre la base de recorridos de 20 min), considerando las condiciones de cruce de las principales vías, cuantificando sus efectos en tiempo y distancia y la consiguiente accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios. Además, se analizó la configuración de la trama vial y peatonal, contrastando su integración a escala local y global basada en mapas axiales. Finalmente, se analizaron los patrones de movilidad de la población según datos de zona EOD 2012. Los resultados muestran una clara disminución del área real del barrio caminable (a un tercio del área euclidiana), producto de la trama y de las diversas barreras existentes, lo que se refleja en la accesibilidad a bienes y servicios vía caminata. Estos resultados permiten proponer además que, si bien una mayor distancia promedio de caminata no se relaciona con una mayor área caminable, la cercanía a centralidades sí se asocia con la prevalencia de este modo de transporte.
Can Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) contribute towards the implementation of biophilic urbanism in urban planning? The case of Chilean Municipal Regulatory Plans
(Elsevier Inc., 2022) Carter V.; Henriquez C.; Henriquez C.; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.The COVID-19 crisis has again highlighted our need to be in close contact with nature. Approaches such as biophilic urbanism, which seek to re-naturalize cities through its inclusion in planning and design, have thus gained relevance. The biophilic urbanism approach is materialized through the Biophilic Cities Network (BCN) and uses indicators to measure cities' biophilic performance. To date, Chilean cities have not formally implemented the approach. However, the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), a mandatory policy process, requires the inclusion of environmental issues in Chilean urban planning. The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which SEA might contribute towards the implementation of biophilic urbanism in planning processes. We analyze how local governments have been including biophilic elements in their SEA processes by exploring the Communal Regulatory Plan (PRC). We perform a content analysis on the indicators in 135 reports associated with each SEA process. The analysis revealed 286 of 1,006 indicators containing biophilic elements extracted from the biophilic cities indicators. We found that biophilic elements linked with the inhabitant's engagement and well-being were largely absent. Conversely, those indicators related to the creation of new green urban infrastructures were widely represented. Overall, the paper hints at the potential usefulness of the SEA to increase biophilic urbanism implementation in urban planning by applying indicators that include biophilic elements.
Cerros isla en las ciudades de Chile: oportunidades para una planificación ecológica
(Universidad de Chile. Instituto de la Vivienda, 2023) Picon Meleda, María Catalina; Contreras, Carolina; Berrizbeitia, Anita; Barrera, Francisco de la; Reyes-Paecke, Sonia; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Arquitectura
Island hills (IHs) represent elements of important natural and cultural heritage value. However, despite their notable presence in Latin American cities, there is little documented knowledge that may facilitate their recognition and incorporation into urban planning. The objective of this work is to identify, classify, and characterize the mostly non-urbanized IHs located within the urban area of the 16 regional capital cities of Chile. The 75 IHs identified were classified into three typologies and characterized according to their land coverage, buildings, and associated regulations. In the 16 cities, there are 32 urban island hills, 24 urban hills on the urban edge, and 19 hills that are part of mountain ridges on the urban edge, concentrated in Santiago, Concepción and Copiapó. These covers consisting of by native forest, shrublands, and forestry plantations in the southern part of the country, and soils with scarce vegetation in the northern area, reflecting the geographic diversity as well as the pressures and uses that exist in the territory. Thus, Concepción’s IHs have 30% or more of their surface covered by forestry plantations; and of the total, 83% of the IHs have built elements and 36% have heritage elements. In terms of urban regulations, there is no typical zoning for hills, and diverse uses coexist.
Characterizing the public transport service level experienced by users: An application to six Latin American transit systems
(2022) Batarce, Marco; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Torres Rivas, Ignacia; CEDEUS (Chile)
We present a method oriented to determine indicators representing different dimensions of users' travel time, such as in-vehicle time and its variability. We focus the service level measurement on users, but not their subjective perception, since we build the indicators from objective data. We apply the method to six Latin American cities, which shows the method's flexibility to fit different available information collected from sources such as in-field measurements or electronic control systems for bus operations. The method's core is the selection of a representative sample of trips. We estimate the service level based on different variables (e.g., speed, frequency, travel time, and waiting time) for every sampled trip. The contribution of this work is the design and implementation of a methodology for service level evaluation. As a byproduct, we compare public transportation systems' levels of service in the studied cities.
Corrigendum to “A critical review of heat and mass transfer in vegetative roof models used in building energy and urban environment simulation tools” [Appl. Energy 232 (2018) 752–764] (Applied Energy (2018) 232 (752–764), (S0306261918313904), (10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.079))
(2020) Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Pinto Cuevas, Camilo Ignacio; CesarTabares Velasco, Paulo; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; CEDEUS (Chile)
The authors regret “that Fig. 1 does not fully represent correct green roof practice now provided an updated figure”. [Figure presented] The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Covid-19 and city: Towards an integrated model of housing, microbiology, environment and urbanism
(2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Nuñez, Carlos;; González, Bernardo; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello Robledo, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed Huici, Carmen Marcela; CEDEUS (Chile)
As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
COVID-19 and Precarious Employment: Consequences of the Evolving Crisis
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021) Matilla-Santander, Nuria; Ahonen, Emily; Albin, María; Baron, Sherry; Bolíbar, Mireia; Bosmans, Kim; Burström, Bo; Cuervo, Isabel; Davis, Letitia; Gunn, Virginia; Håkansta, Carin; Hemmingsson, Tomas; Hogstedt, Christer; Jonsson, Johanna; Julià, Mirei; Kjellberg, Katarina; Kreshpaj, Bertina; Lewchuk, Wayne; Muntaner, Carles; O’Campo, Patricia; Orellana, Cecilia; Östergren, Per-Olof; Padrosa, Eva; Ruiz, Marisol E.; Vanroelen, Christophe; Vignola, Emilia; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Wegman, David H.; CEDEUS (Chile); Department de Salud Pública.Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
The world of work is facing an ongoing pandemic and an economic downturn with severe effects worldwide. Workers trapped in precarious employment (PE), both formal and informal, are among those most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we call attention to at least 5 critical ways that the consequences of the crisis among workers in PE will be felt globally: (a) PE will increase, (b) workers in PE will become more precarious, (c) workers in PE will face unemployment without being officially laid off, (d) workers in PE will be exposed to serious stressors and dramatic life changes that may lead to a rise in diseases of despair, and (e) PE might be a factor in deterring the control of or in generating new COVID-19 outbreaks. We conclude that what we really need is a new social contract, where the work of all workers is recognized and protected with adequate job contracts, employment security, and social protection in a new economy, both during and after the COVID-19 crisis.
COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo
(Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto-Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Núñez, Carlos Andrés; González, Bernardo; Bustamante, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed, Carmen; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2021, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. All rights reserved.As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
Cuánto consumo supone el bienestar. Una geografía urbana basada en un índice de Sustentabilidad comunal en Chile
(Scielo, 2023) Gutiérrez Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Barton, Jonathan Richard; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
In the context of the UN 10-year Framework Programmes on Sustainable Production and Consumption (2012-2022), it is necessary to understand consumption patterns, mainly in urban areas. The municipal geography of consumption establishes a radical change in understanding urban sustainability merely as a challenge of poverty and low consumption. Through an Urban Sustainability Index, we identify patterns that reveal material processes and opportunities for wellbeing and levels of consumption. Focusing on the urban metabolism and indicators of impacts on intergenerational wellbeing, the index shows high levels of consumption in four municipalities and notable gaps in material and social conditions at the national and intra-regional scales. The article presents the municipal geography of wellbeing and consumption in Chile, in order to reveal the condition of urban sustainability to guide improvements in material and social conditions uncoupled from consumption. It also warns of the particular paradoxes of the development process.
Densidad urbana, forma y sociabilidad en la ciudad neoliberal: el caso del barrio Santa Isabel en Santiago de Chile
(Universidad de Chile. FAU, 2019) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Link, Felip; CEDEUS (Chile); Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Since the 1990s, the Santa Isabel neighborhood in Santiago, Chile, has undergone a radical process of urban growth and densification which can be associated with the neoliberal turn that characterized public policies and urban growth since the 1980s. This global process of "urban neoliberalism" is characterized by the relevance that the private sector acquires in urban development of the cities, maximizing profitability over other considerations. The following article seeks to study the consequences of this type of neoliberal urban development in urban morphology on a neighborhood scale, as well as in the way in which the inhabitants relate to each other and with their territory. Through a multi-methodological approach, integrating census data, urban morphology indicators, survey results, field observations and in-depth interviews, it seeks to understand how this type of urban development that encourages the maximization of profits by private parties, affects the public dimension of urban space. It is identified that the characteristics of the built environment, added to its new sociodemographic composition, inhibit the use of the neighborhood, neighborhood sociability and the permanence of its inhabitants, contributing to generate a transitory neighborhood, which is transforming the own condition of the city.
Designing integrated urban delivery systems using public transport
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Azcuy Fuentes, Irecis Lazara; Agatz, Niels; Giesen Encina, Ricardo; CEDEUS (Chile)
The growth of online retail leads to increasing last-mile delivery operations that contribute to various negative externalities, such as traffic congestion and air pollution, especially in urban areas. One way to improve urban delivery operations is to use public transport capacity to move goods to intermediate transfer locations from which they can be delivered by (small) vehicles to the final customers. We study the distance savings that can be achieved by such a two-tier urban delivery system. In particular, we focus on determining which transit stop is best located to be used as a transfer location. We present several special cases to get insights into the transfer location decisions. Moreover, we present a mixed-integer linear programming formulation and a heuristic to solve it. To evaluate the different approaches, we run several computational studies. We also perform a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of different system parameters on the location decisions and system performance. For very conservative benchmarks, the results show that savings up to 7.1 percent are possible from using public transport capacity to support urban delivery. The savings increase with the distance to the depot, tighter deadlines and customers that are clustered around the transit line.

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