Centros UC
Permanent URI for this community
Browse
Browsing Centros UC by browse.metadata.fuente "Scopus"
Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- ItemEnvironmental health risk perception: Adaptation of a population-based questionnaire from latin america(MDPI AG, 2021) Cortés Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; Burgos, Soledad; Adaros, Héctor; Lucero, Boris; Quiróz-Alcalá, Lesliam; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)BACKGROUND: Environmental risk assessments and interventions to mitigate environmental risks are essential to protect public health. While the objective measurement of environmental hazards is important, it is also critical to address the subjective perception of health risks. A population’s perception of environmental health hazards is a powerful driving force for action and engagement in safety and health behaviors and can also inform the development of effective and more sustainable environmental health policies. To date, no instruments are available to assess risk perception of environmental health hazards in South America even though there are many concerning issues in the region, including mining. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to adapt and validate an environmental health risk perception questionnaire in a Chilean population affected by mining activity among other risks frequently reported in Latin American countries and included the collection of information on trust on public information sources. METHODS: We adapted an Australian risk perception questionnaire for validation in an adult population from a Chilean mining community. This adaptation included two blinded translations (direct, inverse), a pre-test study (n = 20) and a review by environmental health experts. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) was used to identify factors within major domains of interest. The Bartlett test of sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and the Cronbach α test were used to assess the instrument’s validity and reliability. The instrument was pilot tested in 205 adults from a mining community in Chañaral. RESULTS: The final adapted questionnaire proved to be a good instrument to measure risk perception in a community chronically exposed to mining waste. For community risks, four factors explained 59.4% of the variance. “Global Issues” (30.2%) included air pollution, contamination of mining, ozone layer depletion and vector diseases. For personal risks, the first two components explained 59.5% of the variance, the main factor (36.7%) was “unhealthy behaviors within the household”. For trust in information, the first factor (36.2%) included as main sources “Media and authorities”. The Cronbach α ranged between 0.68 and 0.75; and the KMO test between 0.7 to 0.79 for community and personal risks and trust. CONCLUSIONS: The final questionnaire is a simple, reliable and useful instrument that can assist in evaluating environmental health risk perceptions in Latin American countries.
- Item‘Green gold’: The invention of the forest landscape in Wallmapu/Araucanía, southern Chile‘Oro verde’: La invención del paisaje forestal en Wallmapu/Araucanía, sur de Chile(Asociacion Espanola de Geografia, 2021) Ulloa M.E.; Barton J.R.; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)© 2021 Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles. All rights reserved.Since the incorporation of the Wallmapu/Araucanía territory into the Republic of Chile, important transformations in this territory have been taken place. Once the land was usurped from the Mapuche people, fertile valleys and dense forests were replaced by wheat cultivation until the early twentieth century. This article explores the ‘invention’ of so-called ‘Green Gold’ forest landscape in this region, using historical political ecology and a ‘landscapes of power’ framework. Based on the analysis and interpretation of historical sources, including cartography, photography and texts, we reconstruct the historical trajectory of this landscape, emphasizing the role of science, the enactment of laws, the creation of new institutions and the influence of international organizations. These influences paved the way for large forestry firms to emerge, primarily under dictatorship (1973-1989), which in turn generated an unprecedented plantation forestry ‘boom’ that transformed the regional landscape. The conclusions highlight the importance of shifting from a neutral concept of territorial attributes to the invention of landscapes, as a social construction based on power relations that lead to domination and exclusion.
- ItemHousing and accessibility after the COVID-19 pandemic: Rebuilding for resilience, equity and sustainable mobility(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Valenzuela Levi, Nicolás Darío; Echiburú Altamirano, Tomás; Correa, Juan; Hurtubia González, Ricardo; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)A more sustainable post COVID-19 world requires urban transport policies aiming for resilience, social equity and decarbonisation. Instead of just focusing on the transport sector, the authors propose an integrated approach to housing and mobility. This approach acknowledges the challenges posed by inadequate housing and dependence on motorised transport during the COVID-19 crisis. In contrast, adequate housing and cycling became paramount resources while confronting the pandemic. Using Santiago de Chile as a case study, this research examines how different relocation scenarios for its current housing deficit cannot only affect the ability to implement stay-at-home measures, but also the potential of cycling as a relevant commuting alternative. The current location of the families suffering this deficit is compared to three scenarios: compact, pericentral and extended. In light of the learnings from the COVID-19 crisis, a housing-cycling policy becomes a tool for resilience; equity is achieved by enforcing the right to housing, by increasing job opportunities among the poor, and by reducing the dependence on expensive motorised transport; decarbonisation is achieved by promoting active transportation and reducing the dependence on motorisation.
- ItemOptimizing and validating the Gravitational Process Path model for regional debris-flow runout modelling(Copernicus GmbH, 2021) Goetz J.; Kohrs R.; Bustos Morales M.; Henríquez C.; Brenning A.; Parra Hormazábal E.; Araneda Riquelme M.B.; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)© 2021 The Author(s).Knowing the source and runout of debris flows can help in planning strategies aimed at mitigating these hazards. Our research in this paper focuses on developing a novel approach for optimizing runout models for regional susceptibility modelling, with a case study in the upper Maipo River basin in the Andes of Santiago, Chile. We propose a two-stage optimization approach for automatically selecting parameters for estimating runout path and distance. This approach optimizes the random-walk and Perla et al.'s (PCM) two-parameter friction model components of the open-source Gravitational Process Path (GPP) modelling framework. To validate model performance, we assess the spatial transferability of the optimized runout model using spatial cross-validation, including exploring the model's sensitivity to sample size. We also present diagnostic tools for visualizing uncertainties in parameter selection and model performance. Although there was considerable variation in optimal parameters for individual events, we found our runout modelling approach performed well at regional prediction of potential runout areas. We also found that although a relatively small sample size was sufficient to achieve generally good runout modelling performance, larger samples sizes (i.e. ≥80) had higher model performance and lower uncertainties for estimating runout distances at unknown locations. We anticipate that this automated approach using the open-source R software and the System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses geographic information system (SAGA-GIS) will make process-based debris-flow models more readily accessible and thus enable researchers and spatial planners to improve regional-scale hazard assessments.
- ItemThe role of bike sharing stations in the perception of public spaces: A stated preferences analysis(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Hurtubia González, Ricardo; Mora, Rodrigo; Moreno, Felipe; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)The pervasiveness of bike sharing schemes around the world has the potential to bring important benefits in terms of public health and reduction of congestion and emissions. However, there can be negative externalities associated to these systems, especially in terms of misuse and degradation of public spaces. This paper explores how the presence of different shared bicycle systems and their stations affect peoplés perceptions of public spaces and neighbourhoods. For this, a stated preferences experiment was created and applied in Santiago de Chile, depicting two main scenarios (downtown and residential) with various configurations of public bicycle stations (dock-based and dockless), along other cycling facilities on a street. Survey results were used to estimate a choice model, measuring the impact of the scenario attributes on the probability of being chosen as a preferred public space. Attitudes about bikesharing, the environment and mobility in general were also measured and used to estimate latent variables and their role in public space perception. Results show bike sharing stations are overall positively perceived in terms of their capacity to improve a neighbourhood's image, safety and accessibility, although this is more likely in compact urban contexts and for users of bikesharing. Disorganized (dockless) bicycles left on sidewalks are perceived negatively, although not enough to make individuals prefer a situation without public bicycles. The previous findings indicate that bike sharing schemes could have positive effects on the image of neighbourhoods by making them look more attractive and modern.
- ItemThe ‘Chilean wheat bowl’: An historical political ecology of the construction of a landscape of power in Wallmapu (Araucanía)El ‘Granero de Chile’: Una ecología política histórica de la construcción de un paisaje de poder en Wallmapu (Araucanía)1(Revista de Geografia Norte Grande, 2021) Ulloa M.E.; Barton J.R.; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)© 2021, Revista de Geografia Norte Grande. All rights reserved.The landscape of power of the ‘Chilean wheat bowl’ that emerged during the nineteenth century was presented as a symbol of progress for Wallmapu (Araucanía). The Chilean state, supported by agrarian, political and intellectual elites enabled the extraction of natural resources which led to the construction of a new ‘Chilean wheat bowl’ landscape of power, installed on the old Mapuche frontier. This article deconstructs and interprets historical sources within a framework based on historical political ecology and landscapes of power. It traces the hegemonic imposition of this landscape via devices that ensured coercion or enabled consent, with a view to imposing a particular landscape in this territory. The conclusions point to the importance of historical context for explaining contemporary socio-ecological configurations of landcapes, since this context reveals the influence of power relations and political, economic and cultural factors in the social construction of territories, and the elimination of other landscapes.
- ItemUrban sustainability and perceived satisfaction in neoliberal cities(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Valenzuela-Levi N.; Fuentes Arce, Luis; Ramirez M.I.; Rodriguez S.; Senoret A.; Fuentes L.; Ramirez M.I.; Rodriguez S.; Senoret A.; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Chile)© 2022 Elsevier LtdIn light of growing levels of urbanisation globally, the concept of urban sustainability has become an increasingly important element of the general discussion on sustainable development. However, few studies have addressed the various dimensions of sustainability and the different territorial scales on which day-to-day urban life takes place. Instances of discontent and social crisis have become commonplace in many of the world's major cities. Around the globe, inequality is seen as associated with a neoliberal urbanisation process that offers few solutions to issues of social exclusion and the climate crisis. The present work proposes the use of households' perceived satisfaction when analysing urban sustainability in neoliberal cities. Data is taken from the Sustainable Urban Development Perception Survey, conducted in the two main metropolitan areas of Chile, a country that since the 1970s has been widely considered to be a prime example of orthodox neoliberalism. We propose and test new dimensions with which to address urban sustainability, through the lens of perceived satisfaction, a key element in the analysis of the discontent that is sweeping across major cities globally.