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Browsing Capítulos de libros by browse.metadata.categoriaods "13 Acción por el clima"
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- Item50-years of climate extreme indices trends and inventory of natural disasters in Chilean cities (1965-2015)(Springer, 2019) Henríquez, Cristián; Qüense, Jorge; Villarroel, Claudia; Mallea, Cindy; Henríquez, Cristián; Romero, Hugo
- ItemAgrobiodiversity in mountain territories: family farming and the challenges of social-environmental changes(Springer, 2023) Ibarra Eliessetch, Jose Tomas; Marchant, Carla; Olivares, Fernanda; Caviedes, Julián; Santana Sagredo, Francisca; Monterrubio-Solís, Constanza; Sarmiento, Fausto O.; Pontifica Universidad Católica de ChileFamily farming plays a fundamental role in food production. However, it faces rapid processes of social-environmental change, such as the application of hegemonic agrarian modernization policies and restrictions on the circulation of traditional seeds. Institutional changes are also altering practices and social relations, while climate change is the main factor in biodiversity loss and increased human vulnerability and the threat to livelihoods. The negative effects of these processes are particularly alarming in mountain territories. These systems are considered “biocultural refuges” since they often contain high levels of agrobiodiversity, complex systems of knowledge, and unique agricultural practices with identity value for local communities and indigenous peoples. This chapter examines the role of mountain family farming as a biocultural refuge and discusses the challenges it faces in a context of social-environmental crises, describing cases of mountain agricultural systems in nine of the world’s main mountain territories and showing that they are fragile spaces and highly vulnerable to certain processes of social-environmental change. For this reason, we urge the identification and promotion of strategies to foster the adaptation and resilience of mountain family farming as a way of contributing to the food security and sovereignty of the communities that inhabit these territories.
- ItemCoping with Natural Disasters and Urban Risk: An Approach to Urban Sustainability from Socio-Environmental Fragmentation and Urban Vulnerability Assessment(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014) Link, Felipe; Barth, Katrin; Harris, Jordan Michael; Irarrazaval Irarrazaval, Felipe; Valenzuela, Felipe; Welz, Juliane; William G. Holt; CEDEUS (Chile)Purpose - Cities have been exposed to a variety of natural disasters such as flooding, extreme temperatures, storms, earthquakes, and other natural shocks, and have had to respond and adapt to such pressures over time. In the context of global climate change, natural disasters have increased across the globe. Apart from climate change, many urban environments in Latin America are experiencing significant transformations in land use patterns, socio-demographic change, changing labor markets, and economic growth, resulting from recent decades of globalization. Such transformations have resulted in the internal fragmentation of cities. In this context, the purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate the importance in both theoretical and methodological terms, of integrating the concept of socio-environmental fragmentation into urban vulnerability research in order to make progress toward higher degrees of local sustainability in those areas of the city that suffer natural disasters and fragmentation. Methodology/approach - A mixed methods approach is used in order to combine different technical issues from urban and climate change studies. Findings - The findings are related to the importance of an integrated approach, regarding the complexity of urban life, and the relationship between the urban, the social, and the environmental phenomenon. Social implications - This chapter relates to the revisit of the current state of preparedness and to determine whether further adaptations are required. The authors understood that these kinds of mixed approaches are necessary in order to understand the new complexity of urban processes.
- ItemDust archives within polar ice cores(Elsevier, 2024) Lambert, FabriceMineral dust aerosols are pivotal components of Earth's atmosphere and significantly influence the climate system. Investigating their impacts through ice core records offers unique insights into paleoclimate dynamics. Various techniques, including direct and indirect measurements of concentrations and size distributions, unravel the complex story of dust provenance, transport, and deposition. Dust records correlate with temperature reconstructions, reflecting the interconnectedness of climatic processes. Enhanced characterization methods promise a deeper understanding of the role of dust in the Earth's history. The current state of knowledge on paleoclimatic mineral dust in ice cores is reviewed, including its measurement, hemispheric differences, and climatic interpretation.
- ItemGlobal citizenship and youth: Profiles of perception of global threats(Routledge, 2022) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Escribano, Rosario; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Carrasco, Diego; Morel, Maria Jesús; Miranda, Catalina; Rocuant, AdolfoThis study investigates the perception of global threats among young people. Using data from the 2016 International Civics and Citizenship Study and applying a latent class analysis technique, the chapter classifies students according to their perceptions on global threats in three dimensions: (1) environmental (pollution, climate change, and water shortages); (2) economic (global financial crises, energy shortages, poverty, unemployment, and food shortages); and, (3) sociopolitical (crime, violent conflict, terrorism, overpopulation, and infectious diseases). The results show that students can be categorized into five classes: (a) aware: students who are quite aware of all the threats posed to them in the survey; (b) unaware: students who consider the threats to the future, except for pollution, as mostly not important; (c) aware but conflict senseless: students who consider most of the global threats as important, except for crime, violent crime, and unemployment; (d) aware but climate change and overpopulation senseless: students who consider most of the global threats as important, except for overpopulation and climate change; and, (e) pollutionists: students who consider pollution as important. These classes are comparable across countries, and important regional differences are discussed.
- ItemQuinoa Breeding and Genomics(Wiley, 2019) Murphy, Kevin M.; Matanguihan, Janet B.; Fuentes Carmona, Francisco Fabián; Rayda Gomez Pando, Luz; Jellen, Eric N.; Maughan, Peter J.; Jarvis, David E.The production and consumption of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) have grown rapidly in recent years, spreading far beyond its traditional growing region of the Andes Mountains in South America. The increase in consumption is due primarily to its high nutritional value and flavorful seed, whereas the expansion in production area is due to the broad adaptability of the species across a wide range of latitudes, altitudes, precipitation zones, soil types, and salinity levels. Efforts are underway across the globe to develop regionally resilient quinoa cultivars and productive cropping systems. The recent publication of the quinoa genome has opened avenues of research previously unavailable in quinoa breeding and should contribute substantially to the development of improved cultivars. This chapter reviews the evolution of quinoa and its wild relatives, the traditional ecotypes from which the majority of modern cultivars descend, and the history of quinoa breeding in South America. It discusses quinoa's reproductive and pollination systems, as well as recent advances in the genetics and genomics of this allotetraploid species. Following an overview of quinoa breeding methods, it focuses on breeding objectives, including yield potential, traits of agronomic importance, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and characteristics of critical importance to end-use quality and nutritional value.
- ItemThe importance of protected areas in mitigating climate change and conserving ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean(Springer, 2022) Ibarra Eliessetch Jose Tomas; Bonacic Salas Cristian; Constanza, Arévalo; Laker, Jerry; Mohamed Behnassi; Himangana Gupta; Mirza Barjees Baig; Ijaz Rasool NoorkaBiodiversity conservation in a world under climate change is a significant challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), which holds 60% of global terrestrial life. Six of the ten most biodiverse countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela) are in LAC, and biodiversity hotspots are well-represented along the region’s coasts and mainland. The region has the most significant areas of tropical forest and large portions of subtropical forests, temperate steppe, and subantarctic Patagonia. Protected areas offer opportunities to conserve unique biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and mitigate climate change effects. LAC’s contribution to carbon capture, by protecting extensive forests and other natural ecosystems, is potentially opening tremendous economic opportunities under the green economy paradigm. This chapter describes the current status of protected areas in LAC and explains how this conservation mechanism should play a mitigation role. LAC’s protected areas cover almost all types of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and their number is increasing in the region. Although protected areas mitigate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, climate change and traditional environmental problems like deforestation, mining, and agriculture affect the viability of protected areas. Thus, their expansion and connectivity throughout the region are crucial to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. Nature is also essential to the region’s biocultural diversity, including a miriad of complex cosmovisions and traditions. In LAC’s unique ecosystems, rich biodiversity is spatially correlated with rich cultural diversity, granting opportunity for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities to lead experiences in managing protected areas in biologically and culturally diverse ecosystems of LAC.