Publicaciones académicas
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Esta colección incluye artículos de profesores de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, publicados en revistas nacionales y extranjeras.
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Browsing Publicaciones académicas by browse.metadata.categoriaods "01 Fin de la pobreza"
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- ItemAdaptation and validation of the Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) scale in Chilean adults(Springer, 2024) Rodríguez González, Laura Cristina; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Ortiz, M.; Schleef, J.The Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) scale was developed in Spain within the context of political and social psychology research. This study introduces an abbreviated version of the scale for potential application in health research among the Chilean population. This study examined the psychometric properties of the proposed adaptation and assessed its metric invariance across lower and higher income groups in a sample of Chilean adults aged 50 and older (n = 372 respondents; 64.1% women; mean age ± SD = 58.8 ± 5.2). Four experts reviewed the original scale items to create a shortened version, selecting those that effectively capture economic inequality in the Chilean context. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the proposed factorial structure and assess invariance. The results support the proposed factorial structure and establish scalar invariance, which indicates the instrument’s consistent measurement properties across income levels.
- Item(In)seguridad ontológica y confianza social en América Latina: Una aproximación con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales(2020) Padilla Lobos, DiegoAmérica Latina es comúnmente asociada con realidades de desigualdad, exclusión, inseguridad y desencanto. Este panorama resulta propicio para indagar sentimientos de (in)seguridad ontológica, comprendida como afección al sentido de continuyidad biográfica, fundado en preocupaciones referentes al contexto amplio e inmediato. El presente estudio pretende indagar sentimientos de (in)seguridad ontológica en ciudadanos latinoamericanos, entendiendose como variable latente de dos dimensiones ("centrífuga" y "centrípeta"), elucidada por medio de análisis factorial. Posteriormente se utiliza dicha información para producir modelos de ecuaciones estructurales analizados por medio de regresiones logísticas binomiales para explorar la relación entre ambas dimensiones y una medida de confianza social.
- Item¿Indígena campesino o indígena urbano? Aproximaciones desde los procesos de movilidad mapuche en la ciudad intermedia de Temuco (Chile)(2020) Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Riquelme Maulén, Wladimir Esteban; Zúñiga Becerra, Paulina BelénEste artículo tiene como objetivo examinar aspectos relevantes del “ser indígena campesino en la ciudad” mediante procesos de movilidad. Específicamente, se ocupa de prácticas y significados de movilidad mapuche, que ponen en conexión a la ciudad de Temuco y sus localidades circundantes Maquehue y Labranza (región de La Araucanía, Chile), ambas con alta presencia de comunidades indígenas. Identificamos que la dicotomía entre ser indígena campesino y ser indígena urbano requiere un descentramiento teórico que contextualice los espacios en que habita y se mueve la población indígena. Investigamos los procesos de movilidad mapuche por medio de la integración entre instrumentos etnográficos -observación etnográfica y entrevistas en profundidad- y métodos móviles. Registramos los flujos de personas en el transporte público del sistema urbano-territorial de Temuco y realizamos la técnica del sombreo con personas mapuche durante su movilidad cotidiana. Esta integración, que definimos como etnografía en movilidad, se sostiene por medio de la articulación interdisciplinar entre antropología y geografía, y nos permite adentrarnos en los procesos de movilidad mapuche campesina en conexión con la ciudad. Como resultado de esto, surgen tres aproximaciones a partir de las cuales sostenemos los resultados: espacialidades, temporalidades e identidades. Concluimos que el análisis de los procesos de movilidad permite comprender el significado de ser indígena campesino en la ciudad, al trascender las dicotomías entre lo rural y lo urbano que han imperado en los estudios indígenas. El artículo profundiza en las dinámicas de lo indígena campesino, desde los procesos de movilidad, e innova metodológicamente al articular datos etnográficos y socioespaciales que hacen posible superar la imperante visión estática y dualista con la que se ha estudiado a las poblaciones indígenas en proceso de urbanización.
- ItemIndígenas, catequese e civilização no município da vila de São José de Porto Alegre, Bahia (1842-1849)(Federal University of Fronteira Sul, 2023) Ribeiro, Edilmar CardosoThis article aims to describe the initiatives of the Provincial Government of Bahia to catechize and civilize the so-called “savage indians” of the municipality of São José de Porto Alegre (1842-1849). First, the presence of indigenous people in the municipality of São José de Porto Alegre is discussed, highlighting their conflicts with settlers. Then, we present the authorities' perceptions about the best means to catechize and civilize the natives, highlighting two methods: the foundation of a village and a military colony. Next, the village foundation is analyzed, showing its failure due to the lack of missionaries and, mainly, the natives’ resistance to the village. Afterward, the initiative to establish the military colony is examined, showing its failure due to the poor adaptability of the non-indigenous people to the jungle and the lack of adequate financial means. Finally, we conclude by emphasizing the government’s inability to adequately promote catechesis and civilization and the absence of public authorities in the Mucuri region.
- ItemMediterranean diet and psychological well-being intervention to reverse metabolic syndrome in Chile (CHILEMED trial)(2023) Echeverría Errázuriz, Guadalupe; Samith Catalán, Bárbara Patricia; Von Schultzendorff Hoyl, Beatriz Andrea; Pinto Manzo, Victoria Sabina; Martínez Cifuentes, Ximena; Sara Zaror, Daniela Alejandra; Calzada, Mariana; Pacheco Gutiérrez, Josefina; Plaza Paz, Gianella; Scott Escorza, Francesca Angelina; Romero Romero, Javiera Constanza; Mateo Hernández, Camila; Julio Gonzalez, Maria Verónica; Utreras Mendoza, Yildy; Binder Correa, María Victoria; Gutiérrez Medina, Florencia Antonia; Riquelme Stagnaro, María Emilia; Cuevas Guzmán, Margarita María; Willatt, Rosario; Sánchez González, Omayra Margarita De Jesús; Keilendt Astete, Aracelli Tiare; Butron, Patricia; Jarufe Calabrese, Alessandra Antonia; Huete Rubio, Isidora Sofia; Tobar Bavestrello, Josefina Isidora; Martin. Sofía; Alfaro, Valentina; Olivos Celedón, Matilde; Pedrals, Nuria; Bitrán Carreño, Marcela; Ávalos, Ivette; Ruini, Chiara; Ryff, Carol; Pérez Pons, Druso Diego; Berkowitz Fiebich, Loni; Rigotti Rivera, AttilioPsychosocial status and lifestyle are key risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which, in turn, are main drivers of healthcare costs and morbimortality worldwide, including Chile. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is one of the healthiest dietary patterns under study. However, its impact on high-risk conditions, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), and NCDs outside the Mediterranean Basin remains mostly unexplored. Even though Central Chile has an environment, food production, and culinary traditions comparable to those present in Mediterranean countries, few studies -some with significant methodological limitations- have evaluated the effect of MedDiet on health and/or disease in Chilean subjects. Importantly, a Mediterranean lifestyle is a modus vivendi that integrates physical health with mental and social well-being. Psychological well-being (PWB) is associated with healthy behaviors, positive health outcomes, and longevity, thereby emerging as a novel healthcare goal. We report here an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial in Chilean patients with MetS seeking to test whether (1) a PWB theory-based intervention facilitates induction to and increases long-term adherence to a locally adapted MedDiet, and (2) a MedDiet intervention -implemented alone or combined with well-being promotion- is more effective at reversing MetS compared to individuals following a low-fat diet without psychological support. The CHILEan MEDiterranean (CHILEMED) diet intervention study is a 1-year trial including patients with MetS living in Chile. Participants will be assigned randomly by a computer-generated random number sequence to one of the three intervention arms: a) low-fat diet as control group, b) MedDiet alone, and c) MedDiet plus well-being support. Patients will be followed-up by individual and/or group online nutritional sessions or phone cal as well as 6- and 12-month in-person re-assessment of medical history, medication use, food intake, PWB, anthropometrics/physical exam, and blood collection for laboratory analysis. The primary outcome of the trial will be the effect of the MedDiet -with or without PWB intervention- on overall reversal of MetS compared to low-fat diet alone. Based on a statistical superiority trial, expected impact, and patient loss, the estimated study sample is 339 subjects (113 individuals per arm in 3 equal-sized groups). Currently, we have enrolled 179 patients, predominantly women, evenly distributed by age (group means ranging from 45.7 to 48,9 years-old), 3/4 are obese with almost all of them showing abdominal obesity, 70% are hypertensive, whereas <10% exhibit diabetes. If findings turn out as expected (e.g., MedDiet -with or without PWB intervention- is better than the low-fat diet for reversion of MetS at 1-year follow-up), CHILEMED will provide further beneficial evidence of the MedDiet on NCD risk conditions beyond the Mediterranean region.
- ItemNavigating the divide: inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in Latin American and the Caribbean countries amidst COVID-19(2024) Herrera Riquelme, Cristian Alberto; Kerr, Amanda C.; Eberwein, Julia Dayton; Bedregal, Paula; Kringos, Dionne; Klazinga, NiekLatin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is among the most unequal regions in the world in termsof wealth and household income. Such inequalities have been shown to influence different outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the disruption of routine health services. The aim of this paper is to examine socioeconomic inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in LAC countries from mid-2020 to late 2021. We used household-level data from the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS), conducted in 14 LAC countries in one round in 2020 and 24 countries in two rounds in 2021. Ordinary least square and Logit multivariate regressions were conducted to examine the correlation between reported healthcare disruptions with household characteristics for 2020 and 2021. Since household income levels were not directly collected in the HPFS, we created an index of inequality and estimated the relative index of inequality. When analyzing 2020–2021 together, reported healthcare disruptions were lower if the respondent wasemployed or did not report lack of food in the last month; if the household had more people aged 65 or older or more rooms to sleep in. When analyzed separately in 2020 and 2021, having more people aged 65 or older or not experiencing food insecurity remained stable factors for lower odds of disruption in both years. In addition, being employed was associated with lower odds of disruption in 2020, while being male or having more rooms to sleep in were associated with lower odds of disruption in 2021. Regarding wealth differences in 2021 (it was not possible to compute it for 2020), households with the lowest wealth were 27.3% more likely to report a care disruption than households with the highest wealth. The socioeconomic status of households in LAC was a relevant factor in explaining the disruption of healthcare during the COVID19 pandemic, with a clear social gradient where the wealthier a household, the less likely it was to experience disruption of care. Food security, employment, and gender policies should be integral to preparing for and responding to future shocks such as pandemics. Prioritizing the most affected populations, like theelderly during COVID-19, can enhance the health system effectiveness.
- ItemSocial determinants of oral health in an indigenous community of Chile: preliminary data of a mixed qualitative and quantitative study(2025) Cantarutti Martínez, Cynthia; Yévenes, Gerardo; Muñoz-del-Carpio-Toia, Agueda; Adorno-Farias, Daniela; Fernández-Ramires, Ricardo; Santos-Silva, Alan Roger; Santos, Jean N. dos; Molina-Ávila, Ignacio; González-Arriagada, Wilfredo AlejandroIntroduction Certain aspects of indigenous communities, such as cultural practices and access to care, have been discussed as potential determinants of oral health. However, research on this topic remains limited. Understanding the factors influencing oral health and their perceptions is crucial for developing culturally appropriate interventions. This study aims to evaluate the determinants and self-perception of oral health through a mixed study within a specific indigenous community in the north of Chile. Furthermore, this is the first study to examine oral health in the Quechua and Aymara communities of Chile. Methods This exploratory study was conducted in in two phases: a quantitative phase, involving clinical examination and administration of questionnaires; and qualitative phase, consisting of interviews with subset of participants from the quantitative phase. A descriptive statistic of the quantitative data was performed. Results While no significant differences were found between indigenous and non-indigenous population in this city of Chile, differences were observed between the two main indigenous communities (Aymaras and Quechuas). Historical factors appeared to influence these differences. Belonging to the Aymara community emerges as a significant determinant of oral health, characterized by a greater need for oral rehabilitation, barriers to accessing dental care, lower self-perception of the quality of oral health. Educational level and rurality were identified as factors potentially affecting the oral health status of this community. Conclusion Ethnicity can influence in oral health, primarily in relation to rurality and educational level. This study found no significant overall differences in oral health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants. However, Quechuas exhibited better oral health than Aymaras. Participants demonstrated good oral health knowledge and a positive attitude towards prevention, despite recalling limited education in their youth. We emphasize the need for implementing strategies for oral health promotion and prevention that consider cultural, linguistic and specific needs of these communities.
- ItemUnderstanding vulnerable and multiple life courses across Latin America(2024) Biehl Lundberg, Andrés; Cabib Madero, Ignacio; Undurraga Fourcade, Eduardo Andrés; Abufhele, AlejandraIn this debate article, we examine how the growth and consolidation of life course research –a field experiencing a “golden age” according to Ferraro and Shafer (2017)– has enriched our understanding of social vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C) 1. Our examination of life course and vulnerability studies aims to provide insights on two critical aspects of this region: First, we explore the impact of welfare institutions on diverse life trajectories, and second, we address the deeply entrenched inequalities of LA&C societies. Accordingly, our conceptual discussion of vulnerability and the life course revolves around these twin themes, the role of welfare institutions and the persistent inequality of LA&C societies, which hold significant implications for the sociologyand social policy of the region.