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A comparison of bus passengers' and car drivers' valuation of casualty risk reductions in their routes
(2019) Flugel, Stefan; Veisten, Knut; Rizzi Campanella, Luis Ignacio; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; Elvik, Rune; CEDEUS (Chile)
A comprehensive perspective of unreliable public transport services' costs
(2020) Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Soza Parra, Jaime Antonio; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; CEDEUS (Chile)
A congested and dwell time dependent transit corridor assignment model
(2016) Borja, Alonso; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Ibeas Henríquez, Miguel Ángel; Moura, José, Luis; CEDEUS (Chile)
A method for solving the multi-objective transit frequency optimization problem
(2016) Giesen Encina, Ricardo; Martínez, H.; Mauttone, A.; Urquhart, M.; CEDEUS (Chile)
A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
(2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
Adaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions
(MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.
Aportes y desafíos del Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA) a la conservación de la biodiversidad en Chile
(Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante, 2019) Henríquez Ruiz, Cristian Gonzalo; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
Environmental impact assessment systems are preventive management instruments whose main objective is to include environmental considerations in the processes and activities accompanying economic growth in a nation. The influence of these systems in the conservation of biodiversity is fundamental, since within the evaluation process, they enable identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts, as well as defining reparations, compensations, or mitigations. Halting the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities and climate change is a global objective. Chile is also facing this challenge, considering its status of Biodiversity Hotspot, projections associated with climate change, and the outstanding issues that the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA) shows regarding biodiversity conservation. The latest, based on the lack of strategic view when considering issues such as the territorial scope of the environmental impacts generated by the projects, under a systemic and transversal approach. This research analyses the main changes experienced since the creation of SEIA, and compares this system with other evaluation systems used in Latin America. National statistics on investment projects potentially affecting the conservation of biodiversity are given. Two issues are addressed to guide discussion of the operational changes that should be encouraged by the Chilean government, namely: 1) internalising the importance of protecting biodiversity beyond current regulations, and; 2) introducing improvements in environmental legislation that could indirectly lead to improvements in SEIA. The research concludes on the importance of strengthening the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and its integration with the SEIA, in order to encourage better project designs by including sustainability from the beginning.
Assessment of Residential Satisfaction in Mehr Housing Scheme: A Case Study of Sadra New Town, Iran
(Routledge Journals, 2017) Etminani-Ghasrodashti, Roya; Majedi, Hamid; Paydar, Mohammad; CEDEUS (Chile)
This paper aims to contribute to theory and practice concerning residential satisfaction in public housing through an assessment of the Mehr housing scheme (MHS), which is a significant project of the Iranian government's current development plans. This study is based on household surveys conducted in two MHS projects in the new town of Sadra, Iran. Data were collected through a sample of residents to explore their satisfaction with physical characteristics of housing units, public facilities and services, and also the social participation and cohesion among residents. Using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and categorical regression, the hypothesis that satisfaction is based on the relationship between different key factors was tested. The results of descriptive analysis demonstrate that only 32.5% of respondents were satisfied with living in MHS. Findings from categorical regression revealed that built environment variables such as buildings' physical features were the main determinants of respondents' overall satisfaction while the social features of the housing projects had little to no impacts on residents' contentment. These results suggest that while primary aspirations for physical characteristics of public housing and access to essential services and facilities were disregarded by planners, social association, cohesion and ties among residents will likely become less important.
Assessment of the flood mitigation ecosystem service in a coastal wetland and potential impact of future urban development in Chile
(2022) Rojas, Octavio; Soto, Evelyn; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; López, J. Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
A worldwide increase in flooding due to climate change and population growth in exposed areas is expected, especially in coastal areas; therefore, nature-based solutions (NBS) for risk reduction are necessary to increase the resilience of cities, particularly in developing countries, which usually lack large budgets for structural measures but have natural areas such as wetlands that can be used as NBS. The flood mitigation ecosystem service of a coastal wetland in central Chile was analyzed. Using hydrological and topo-bathymetric data, two flood hazard scenarios were modeled: (i) S1 current and (ii) S2 projected, which was established based on land-use planning instruments and urban projects developed since 1954. Flood hazard maps for different return periods were obtained and indicators related to the mitigation potential of the wetland were calculated. It was proven that urban project development has intensified since 2000, mainly in the form of real estate development, with an increase in occupation of 50%, and the wetland area is projected to be further reduced by around one third, decreasing potential flood mitigation. Thus, for an extreme return period, in this case 500 years, the water volume stored by the wetland would decrease by more than 38% and the flooded area of the wetland by 30%, increasing flooding and vulnerability of the urban area, with various repercussions for surrounding neighborhoods and infrastructure. The number of people and homes affected would increase by around 6% and 8%, respectively, such that the affected land value would reach an additional US$55 million, which would be very detrimental in a city that has seen its natural spaces encroached upon by gray infrastructure. This research reaffirms the need to support the restoration and conservation of coastal wetlands under pressure from urban development in an area with a lack of green infrastructure planning.
Changing the way we understand precarious employment and health: Precarisation affects the entire salaried population
(2017) Julia, Mireia; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Children and young people’s unaccompanied mobility: the role of the built and social environments in an unequal Latin American Metropolis
(2024) Waintrub Santibáñez, Natan; Jones, Peter; Tyler, Nick; CEDEUS (Chile)
Unaccompanied trips are highly beneficial for children, yet their practice is difficult in unequal Latin American metropoles. This article investigates how the built and social environments influence children and young people’s trips in Santiago de Chile. It does so by reporting the findings of a stated preference questionnaire in which children and young people were invited to choose the preferred environment to walk unaccompanied in between pairs of images illustrating different social and physical attributes. The findings suggest that Santiago’s inequalities are mirrored in the environments through which children and young people prefer to walk unaccompanied. Attributes that enhance the streetscape (e.g., well-kept footpaths, grass), provide recreation and natural surveillance positively affect children’s willingness to make unaccompanied trips in wealthy areas. By contrast, those attributes are less significant for children and young people from other parts of the city, where other features have a greater impact (e.g., strangers drinking alcohol, off-licences, vehicles parked on the footpath). Furthermore, young girls are greatly discouraged from travelling unaccompanied in most circumstances, in both wealthy and not-wealthy areas. Public policies should prioritise non-wealthy neighbourhoods, improve the built environment, and strengthen local communities and local familiarity to create safer spaces that encourage unaccompanied trips.
Citizen participation for sustainable transport: Lessons for change from Santiago and Temuco, Chile
(2018) Sagaris, Lake; CEDEUS (Chile)
Ciudades intermedias. Dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar: el caso de la región de la Araucanía, Chile
(2018) Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Fonck, Martín; Vergara Erices, Luis Alejandro; CEDEUS (Chile)
Covid-19 and city: Towards an integrated model of housing, microbiology, environment and urbanism
(2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Nuñez, Carlos;; González, Bernardo; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello Robledo, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed Huici, Carmen Marcela; CEDEUS (Chile)
As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
Crisis y espacialidad de los cuidados en pandemia: vivienda y barrio en Santiago de Chile
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Arquitectura, 2021) Link, Felipe; Ibarra Alonso, Macarena; Matus Madrid, Christian; Méndez, María Luisa; Ruiz-Tagle V., Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
Las condiciones materiales de la ciudad ofrecen evidencias sobre la segregación socioterritorial. Cuando se aplicaron las medidas sanitarias para controlar la propagación de coVid-19, esas condiciones hicieron evidente el alcance de la segregación en Santiago. Así, las escalas de ciudad, barrio y vivienda ofrecen entradas para comprender la crisis de los cuidados a nivel territorial, donde la segregación y el apoyo mutuo han sido sus principales características.
Cuánto consumo supone el bienestar. Una geografía urbana basada en un índice de Sustentabilidad comunal en Chile
(Scielo, 2023) Gutiérrez Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Barton, Jonathan Richard; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
In the context of the UN 10-year Framework Programmes on Sustainable Production and Consumption (2012-2022), it is necessary to understand consumption patterns, mainly in urban areas. The municipal geography of consumption establishes a radical change in understanding urban sustainability merely as a challenge of poverty and low consumption. Through an Urban Sustainability Index, we identify patterns that reveal material processes and opportunities for wellbeing and levels of consumption. Focusing on the urban metabolism and indicators of impacts on intergenerational wellbeing, the index shows high levels of consumption in four municipalities and notable gaps in material and social conditions at the national and intra-regional scales. The article presents the municipal geography of wellbeing and consumption in Chile, in order to reveal the condition of urban sustainability to guide improvements in material and social conditions uncoupled from consumption. It also warns of the particular paradoxes of the development process.
Designing incentive packages for increased density and social inclusion in the neighbourhood of mass transit stations
(2016) Waintrub, N.; Greene, Margarita; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; CEDEUS (Chile)
Equity and accessibility of cycling infrastructure: An analysis of Santiago de Chile
(2021) Mora, R.; Truffello Robledo, Ricardo; Oyarzún Casassus, Gabriel; CEDEUS (Chile)
Bicycling produces a series of health, environmental, and economic benefits for both individuals and societies as a whole. Even so, promoting bicycle use faces innumerable challenges, especially ones related to equity, as cycling-related infrastructure and facilities tend to favor middle- and high-income groups. This manuscript focuses on Santiago, Chile, a highly unequal city composed of 34 autonomous communes with no central authority. As such, decisions regarding cycling infrastructure and facilities are made by each commune without much attention to neighboring areas. Given that situation, this paper aims (i) to describe and analyze cycling infrastructure over time and how it relates to normative and socioeconomic changes in the city that have shaped and are shaped by travel patterns; and (ii) to examine the distribution of bike lanes in relation to administrative divisions, residential areas, and employment opportunities throughout the city. To do so, the official cadaster of bicycle lanes in Santiago was inspected during numerous field visits, and a series of analyses were conducted that prioritized the concept of equity. The results show that, despite the continuous growth of Santiago's bicycling infrastructure in the past 15 years, equity remains elusive because most bicycle lanes are concentrated in central communes where middle- and upper-middle income groups live. That situation is caused by weak governance, a fragmented urban structure, and high degrees of inequality, which have made urban planning a difficult, if not impossible, task. Based on those results, several policy recommendations are proposed to improve Santiago's current network of cycling infrastructure.
Examining regulatory reform for bus operations in Latin America
(2015) Paget Seekins, Laurel; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Flores Dewey, Onesimo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Experiences of voluntary early participation in Environmental Impact Assessments in Chilean mining
(2019) Ocampo Melgar, Anahi; Sagaris, Lake; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; CEDEUS (Chile)

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