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Browsing by Author "Pablo Luna, Juan"

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Assessing the Risk of Democratic Reversal in the United States: A Reply to Kurt Weyland
(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2021) Lopez, Matias; Pablo Luna, Juan
By replying to Kurt Weyland's (2020) comparative study of populism, we revisit optimistic perspectives on the health of American democracy in light of existing evidence. Relying on a set-theoretical approach, Weyland concludes that populists succeed in subverting democracy only when institutional weakness and conjunctural misfortune are observed jointly in a polity, thereby conferring on the United States immunity to democratic reversal. We challenge this conclusion on two grounds. First, we argue that the focus on institutional dynamics neglects the impact of the structural conditions in which institutions are embedded, such as inequality, racial cleavages, and changing political attitudes among the public. Second, we claim that endogeneity, coding errors, and the (mis)use of Boolean algebra raise questions about the accuracy of the analysis and its conclusions. Although we are skeptical of crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis as an adequate modeling choice, we replicate the original analysis and find that the paths toward democratic backsliding and continuity are both potentially compatible with the United States.
CHILE: ARE THE PARTIES OVER?
(JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS, 2010) Pablo Luna, Juan; Mardones, Rodrigo
Civic disaffection, theological polarization and quality of democracy: An introduction to the Latin American political yearbook
(PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST CIENCIA POLITICA, 2007) Altman, David; Pablo Luna, Juan
The year 2006 was marked by extraordinary electoral activity all over the continent. This year has also shown a higher than normal level of conflict between countries, amounting in some cases to serious diplomatic friction. In addition, there were evident domestic problems touching almost every country: enduring deficits of human development despite an economic expansion, the systematic exclusion of important social groups from the political arena, and an increasing level of political disaffection among the population as a whole. Some countries were paralyzed by conflicts and stalemates between the branches of government, and in a broader sense, serious shortcomings have been observed in respect to "democratic governability". Although democracy is firmly in place in most of the continent and elections are the main vehicle for selecting governments, we are now facing problems to which, years ago and for understandable reasons, political scientists did not give sufficient attention. The political reality of the region has become so fluid and the new challenges are so varied and significant, that an annual comparative chronicle on the political processes lived by each country constitutes, to our understanding, a fundamental and necessary tool for research. This article is meant to offer an introduction to this Political Data Yearbook of Latin America.
Criminal Governance and the Crisis of Contemporary Latin American States
(ANNUAL REVIEWS, 2022) Feldmann, Andreas E.; Pablo Luna, Juan
Across Latin America, societies are confronting the rise of novel orders in which state officials and political authorities share power with criminal organizations. Criminal governance (i.e., the creation of rules regulating behavior by criminal entities often with the collaboration of state actors), as these arrangements have come to be known, poses significant challenges for democracy and the rule of law and often threatens peoples' enjoyment of fundamental rights. This article reviews the literature on state-criminal relations in Latin America by critically discussing conceptual and methodological issues. In so doing, it looks at three extant literatures that have contributed to enhancing our grasp of alternative forms of governance: studies on violence, works on stateness and the rule of law, and the literature on criminal governance. This article posits that those literatures have done a commendable job in describing and conceptualizing emerging forms of governance that deviate from traditional views. However, we also argue that these bodies of work operate in silos with little integration and display methodological biases and theoretical blind spots that weaken their overall analytical power. We also point out that much more work is needed to assess these new orders' consequences for existing political regimes and state institutions. In the conclusion, we propose concrete steps to strengthen research and foster a more integrated agenda and suggest future investigative avenues.
Democracy, Government and Parties: Introduction to LAPOP Chile 2008
(PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST CIENCIA POLITICA, 2008) Pablo Luna, Juan
Incorporation Crisis in Latin America: The limits of "Conservative Modernization"
(FLACSO-MEXICO, 2012) Filgueira, Fernando; Reygadas, Luis; Pablo Luna, Juan; Alegre, Pablo
This article explores the incorporation crisis that occurred in Latin America at the end of the twentieth century as a result of: changes in the economic model, the durability of electoral democracies and of inequalities; increasing expectations related to educational mobility, and the dissemination of new patterns of consumption. It is argued that this type of crisis can be best understood as an epochal change of "conservative modernization". It is also argued that this change is at the basis of the shift to the Left in present day Latin America.
Parties and Party Systems in Latin America: Perspectives from an Expert Survey 2009
(PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST CIENCIA POLITICA, 2009) Altman, David; Pablo Luna, Juan; Pineiro, Rafael; Toro, Sergio
This research note presents a classification of Latin American parties and party systems, according to mainstream ideological currents and country-specific competitive patterns. This classification is based on a preliminary analysis of the results of an expert survey on Latin American party systems that was carried out from 2007 to 2009. We factor-analyze parties' positions on a wide set of issues and estimate three (talent) ideological dimensions: statism, conservatism (moral, religious, nationalist), and attitudes towards democracy. On the basis of these three ideological dimensions we perform a cluster analysis and classify the political parties of the region in ten "ideological families".
Party System Institutionalization: Do We Need a New Concept?
(2014) Pablo Luna, Juan
This paper revises the conceptualization of party system institutionalization, as defined in Mainwaring and Scully's (1995) groundbreaking work. Regarding the rules of aggregation involved in conceptual structure, my argument resonates with Goertz and Mahoney's (2012) identification of two different "cultures" in contemporary social science. They understand one culture as building what Goertz calls "family resemblance" concepts, usually measured through a latent variable approach. The other culture understands concepts as structured in terms of "necessary and sufficient" elements, which can then be measured using an ontological approach. I claim that party system institutionalization has an implicit "family resemblance" structure and show that conceptual structure to be empirically and theoretically inadequate. In its current form, the concept of party system institutionalization also suffers from deficiencies when it comes to indicator validity and aggregation, as per (Munck and Verkulien, Comp Polit Stud 35(1):5-34, 2002) criteria. Problems of validity are caused by analysts' frequent reliance on a single indicator for operationalizing the concept. Problems of aggregation and conceptual structure arise from inconsistencies between the implicit theoretical assumption that party system institutionalization is conceptually linear and non-linear patterns that are not only theoretically plausible but also empirically observable in a large set of cases. Therefore, this paper advocates revising the concept and the way it is currently applied in the comparative party system literature. Such revision will permit better understanding of both the characteristics and dynamic evolution of party systems.
Political representation in Latin America: Existing findings and a research agenda
(CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION Y DOCENCIA ECONOMICAS, 2007) Pablo Luna, Juan
This review essay concludes that the neo-institutionalist literature shows that the necessary preconditions for programmatic representation do not exist in Latin America. The inability to explain non-programmatic links between voters and political parties limits neo-institutional research. Existing work suffers because it narrows the study of programmatic representation to party institutionalization, because it focuses on formal institutions, and because it relies too heavily upon the use of aggregate data in cross-national studies to study the party systems of the region. This essay Suggests that future studies of parties use multi-level comparisons to describe the necessarily heterogeneous linkages that parties craft with different types of voters. It also recommends using political economy to study the informal institutions and historical-institutional trajectories of Latin American political parties.
Segmented Party-Voter Linkages in Latin America: The Case of the UDI
(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2010) Pablo Luna, Juan
By analysing the socially segmented party voter linkages deployed by the Union Democrata Independiente (Independent Democratic Union, UDI), a Chilean conservative party, this article demonstrates the usefulness of combining Kitschelt's party voter linkage framework with Gibson's conceptual approach to conservative party electoral coalition-making. In Latin America, parties take advantage of social fragmentation and the availability of non-state campaign financing to combine multiple linkage types and thus attract socially diverse constituencies. Although it is an opposition party, UDI's historical trajectory and organisation have enabled it to receive private funds from its traditional and party-identified core constituency (business and conservative sectors), whose programmatic preferences and interests it represents, and then use these resources in a 'charismatic' mobilisation approach and particularistic exchanges with a non-core constituency (low-income, non-traditional voters of the radical right), in a segmented, but nationally integrated, electoral strategy.
Societies, Social Policies, and Political Representation: A Latin American Perspective
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2009) Filgueira, Fernando; Pablo Luna, Juan
The Secret of My Success: Part II. Pathways to Valparaiso in 2009
(PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST CIENCIA POLITICA, 2011) Giannini, Pilar; Bahamonde, Hector; Pablo Luna, Juan; Lopez, Rodolfo; Ordonez Astete, Martin; Recart, Gonzalo
In this research note we present the characteristics of twenty-six congressional electoral campaigns during the 2009 Chilean national elections and then use them to create a typology of campaign types for incumbents and challengers. The evidence was collected through participant observation and in-depth interviewing with key actors in each district. The statistical and Boolean analysis of these data yields the following results: different campaign profiles exist among incumbents and challengers; incumbents are the most successful candidates; higher amounts of electoral expenses increase the odds to win the district's seat; there is a generalized decrease in the use of party-symbols in campaigns.
Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization
(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2011) Pablo Luna, Juan; Altman, David
Mainwaring and Scully's concept of party system institutionalization (PSI) has greatly influenced the literature on parties and party systems. This article contributes to the "revisionist" literature on PSI by exploring the recent evolution of the concept's four dimensions in Chile. It finds that the Chilean party system is not homogenously institutionalized (as conventionally argued) but is simultaneously frozen at the elite level and increasingly disconnected from civil society. In this regard, it approaches some recent descriptions of the Brazilian party system, a prototypical example of an "inchoate" party system that has gained stability over time without developing roots in society. This article argues that the current operationalization of the concept of PSI is problematic. Not only should all four dimensions of the concept be simultaneously measured, probably through multiple indicators for each one, but their trends across time and space should also be better integrated into the concept's theoretical structure.

Browsing by Author "Pablo Luna, Juan"

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