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Admiramos la foto de un hombre blanco. Entrada y salida del racismo en Chile según Perro Bomba
(2023) Sepúlveda Eriz Magda; Departamento de Humanidades de la Universidad Andrés Bello
La película Perro bomba (2019) representa cómo el racismo entra en el discurso social y cómo un afectado puede huir de la discriminación. El protagonista discute el régimen de visibilidad etnocéntrico, pues postula que la fotografía con imágenes de blancos ha desempeñado un papel importante en el racismo. A su vez, la secuencia narrativa marca la discriminación chilena y haitiana, las que terminan arrojando al personaje principal a una casa okupa, donde existe realmente una comunidad, que no teme enfrentarse a las leyes del país y que se constituye en el único refugio frente al racismo. La película no solo representa esta salida al racismo, sino, además, ella misma no es racista en tanto expone y valora el patrimonio haitiano en Chile. En relación con el patrimonio, la sonoridad de la película nos hace escuchar el creole y la música haitiana y, respecto de la imagen, nos permite visualizar otras formas de autorrepresentación física, donde las trenzas y los bailes son parte central de la belleza. Dado este levantamiento del patrimonio, el filme no solo convierte la migración en un tema, sino que ella misma hace migrar los significantes sonoros y visuales del cine chileno hacia las materialidades haitianas en Chile.
CHAIRS: A choice-based air transport simulator applied to airline competition and revenue management
(2022) Fukushi Estay, Mitsuyoshi Andres; Delgado Breinbauer, Felipe Alberto; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; Santos, Bruno F.
In Revenue Management (RM) systems, information censoring and the interaction between the forecasting and optimization stages, increases the costs and complexity of performance analysis using historical data. An affordable and suitable alternative is using simulations, but appropriate behavioral models must be considered. In the following document, we discuss and test the implementation of a dynamic air transport market simulator, designed to analyze RM systems. The simulator replicates the behavior of passengers that book seats offered in multiple flights by different airlines. We use discrete choice models to replicate the demand behavior, accounting for preferences and decision rule heterogeneity, and including a temporal evolution of the preference throughout the selling horizon. To replicate the supply behavior, a number of airlines modify the price and quantity of different fare classes offered in each flight, using a variety of RM forecasting, un-constraining, and optimization techniques. The simulator allows analysts to study the economic benefit of RM systems under predefined assumptions in an artificial and controlled environment. This increases the benefits obtained by the correct selection of context-appropriate RM systems and the likelihood of successfully implementing new and complex systems. We test and showcase the simulator performance, studying the entrance of a new airline in a competitive context. We generate, implement and evaluate different RM strategies in response to the introduction of new competition, and discuss the results, highlighting the interpretability and accuracy of the proposed framework.
Fare evasion on public transport: Who, when, where and how?
(2022) Cantillo Torregrosa, Luis Ángel; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos
Transantiago, the public transport system of Santiago, Chile, has one of the highest fare evasion rates registered worldwide. The official statistics for late 2019 indicated that the evasion rate in bus legs was 26.6% while in metro it was almost 0%. This is a relevant issue due to the impacts of fare evasion on finances and quality of service, as budget constraints put pressure on the transit system. Analysing and understanding fare evasion should be the starting point for proposing solutions that could reduce it. Therefore, in this research we seek to answer the question of who are the evaders, when and where evasion happens and how is the fare evaded on public transport. To answer these questions, extensive data was gathered onboard buses of Transantiago for five full days (19 h a day) of operation, including weekdays and weekend. A total of 10,559 individual records were collected. The information considers age and gender of travellers, and fare evasion was measured in zones of Santiago that are characterised by very different economic conditions. Records also differ in terms of bus occupancy, presence of turnstiles in the buses, and types of stops (with and without off-board payment). Based on the collected information, a Binomial Logit model was calibrated to understand and explain fare evasion, quantifying the effect of different types of explanatory variables. Results show that fare evasion is higher for young men, evening and night periods, low-income neighbourhoods, crowded buses without turnstiles, bus stops without off-board payment and weak accessibility to metro stations and fare vending machines. The model does not only allows the identification of these trends, but is also able to quantify them. Based on the results, potential proposed solutions to tackle evasion are discussed.
Inclusion of latent variables in Mixed Logit models: Modelling and forecasting
(2010) Yáñez Castillo, María Francisca; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios
Travel demand models typically use mainly objective modal attributes as explanatory variables. Nevertheless, it has been well known for many years that attitudes and perceptions also influence users' behaviour. The use of hybrid discrete choice models constitutes a good alternative to incorporate the effect of subjective factors. We estimated hybrid models in a short-survey panel context for data among many alternatives. The paper analyses the results of applying these models to a real urban case study, and also proposes an approach to forecasting using these models. Our results show that hybrid models are clearly superior to even highly flexible traditional models that ignore the effect of subjective attitudes and perceptions.
Incremental construction: a strategy to facilitate access to housing
(International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2008) Greene, Margarita; Rojas, Eduardo
The "enabling" approach to housing markets promotes financing systems based on family savings, public subsidies and mortgage loans to unleash the potential of individuals and communities to produce and improve dwellings. However, the approach failed to benefit lower-income households, as they have less ability to generate savings or make mortgage payments. These households are forced to use informal mechanisms to access housing, such as purchasing land in illegal sub-divisions or squatting on public land and incrementally building their dwellings. The present work argues that supporting the incremental housing construction undertaken by poor households through an enabling approach can make a significant contribution to solving the housing problem in Latin America. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in executing this new type of programme, which requires coordinating the resources and capabilities of the beneficiaries with those of the different levels of government and the civil society. While this paper draws on experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean, the proposed approach is also relevant in other settings.
Optimal location of bike-sharing stations: A built environment and accessibility approach
(2022) Mix Vidal, Richard Alexander; Hurtubia González, Ricardo; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; CEDEUS (Chile)
Bike-sharing systems (BSS) have arisen worldwide as an attractive and sustainable travel alternative. As these systems have shown positive effects in reducing congestion and emissions, it is relevant to properly analyze their potential implementation in different contexts. Evidence has shown that BSS can only provide benefits when their network is adequately designed, in order to capture ridership and generate demand. This study proposes an integrated approach to model the demand of bike-sharing trips and the optimal location of stations in the system, based on built environment and accessibility-based variables. The methodology consists of two steps. On the first step, trip generation models are estimated through multiple regressions for different types of trips and periods of the week. On the second step, maximum demand coverage models are developed to allocate the BSS stations, according to the trip generation models and to different proposed scenarios. To test the proposed methodology, information from the BSS of Santiago de Chile is used. Results suggest a relationship between the built environment and the use of public bicycles, with a main effect of residential and office land uses, and the presence of long bicycle lanes near the stations. In addition, the presence of endogeneity, associated with the location of BSS stations and BSS demand generation, is confirmed and controlled using accessibility variables. As for the optimal location models, their outcomes differ significantly from the observed spatial distribution of stations in Santiago, with higher density in central areas and along corridors with cycling infrastructure. The forecasted demand level for the optimal distribution of stations is 64% higher than the observed demand. This study confirms the benefit of an integrated modelling of the trip generation and the station location to foster higher public bicycle usage, a relevant point for BSS decision planning and the promotion of a more sustainable mobility.
Preliminary Assessment on Seismic Vulnerability of Masonry Churches in Central Chile
(2019) Palazzi Chiara, Nuria; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristian
The 2010 Maule Chile earthquake (Mw 8.8) caused extensive structural damage to the built heritage. In particular, the poor seismic performance of a set of unreinforced masonry (URM) churches highlighted the need to implement protective and safety strategies in order to preserve these buildings which exhibit unique constructive and typological features, as a result of a combination of Chilean and European construction cultures. The peculiarity of this heritage and the high seismic hazard of Chilean territory have motivated the present study which aims to apply systematic procedures to assess the seismic vulnerability of these buildings. This article is of archival nature and presents a complete database generated from the geometrical, constructive, and structural characteristics of a representative stock of 106 churches located in central Chile, with the goal of proposing fragility curves to be used in seismic risk assessment. Considering variables related with geometrical, architectonic, and stylistic features, as well as damage levels for the 2010 Maule earthquake, this church sample is classified into three homogenous groups: colonial, neo-classic, and neo-gothic. Moreover, a preliminary qualitative assessment of the seismic capacity of these structures is provided using a survey and analysis of geometric indices for each of the three selected groups.
Renovación urbana en el centro histórico de Santiago, Chile: el caso de la manzana de la Casa Colorada
(2022) Pérez Villalón, Blanca Elvira; Ortega Esquivel, Astrid Andrea; Saavedra Martínez, Christian Alex; Lobos Peña, Paulina
El objetivo de este artículo es aportar al debate sobre la renovación urbana de los centros históricos latinoamericanos, analizando cómo ciertas normativas han transformado morfológicamente el patrimonio colonial inmueble en Santiago de Chile. El artículo examina críticamente las renovaciones urbanas y cambios normativos desarrollados en la manzana de la Casa Colorada, uno de los pocos inmuebles coloniales que perduran en el centro histórico de la capital debido a su destrucción por terremotos, a la desregulación de las renovaciones urbanas y a ciertas normativas que han impactado negativamente en su conservación. En este contexto, se analizan las transformaciones normativas que han tenido lugar, desde el Plano Oficial de Urbanización de la Comuna de Santiago (1939) hasta la aplicación de la norma de Conjunto Armónico y la definición de Zona de Conservación Histórica (2008). La manzana donde se ubica el Monumento Histórico en referencia es un ejemplo paradigmático, ya que refleja morfológicamente las diversas normativas aplicadas y el escaso patrimonio colonial que permanece.
Rupture parameter sensitivity of low frequency ground motion response spectra using synthetic scenarios in North Chile
(SPRINGER, 2021) Fortuño Jara, Catalina Pía; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Gonzalez, Gabriel; Gonzalez, Juan; Aguirre Aparicio, Paula
This research performs a sensitivity analysis of response spectrum values for various physical earthquake parameters, which are used to generate synthetic seismograms consistent with the expected seismicity in north Chile. Sensitivity analyses are based on the earthquake scenario and slip distribution model of the 2014, M-w 8.1 Pisagua earthquake, and seven other physically plausible interplate events for north Chile. A finite-fault rupture model, and slip distribution of the Pisagua earthquake, were obtained using inversion of InSAR and GPS data. Three other rupture models based on previous studies of interplate locking for north Chile and capable of generating M-w 8.3-8.6 earthquakes with an estimated maximum slip of 9.2 m, were incorporated in the analyses. Also, four additional scenarios with moment magnitudes in the range M-w 8.6-8.9 were generated by concatenating these physical scenarios into larger rupture areas within the north segment. Using these scenarios, synthetic ground motions were built at four observation sites: Pisagua, Iquique, Tocopilla, and Calama. Response sensitivity was studied for three key rupture parameters: mean rupture velocity, slip rise-time, and rupture directivity. Responses selected were peak ground displacement (PGD), spectral pseudo-velocities, S-v, and spectral displacements, S-d. First and second order variations of PGD, S-v, and S-d relative to the source parameters were computed and used together with a Taylor series expansion to propagate uncertainty into the responses as a function of v(r) and rise-time t(r). To study the effect of rupture directivity, three different foci locations were considered for each scenario: north, south, and at the centroid of the slip model. Response PGD values show no clear trends with rupture velocity, v(r); however, the variability increases as the system period increases. The effect of the slip rise-time is significant, and as t(r) increases, the spectral responses tend to decrease, suggesting that shorter slip rise-times lead to higher seismic demands in long period structures. The results obtained for the directivity analysis suggest that two factors control the expected waveforms and spectral responses: first, the direction of the rupture relative to the location of each site, and the hypocentral distance.
Santiago 1872-1875: un plano para el plan de Vicuña Mackenna
(2022) Hidalgo Hermosilla, Germán; Strabucchi, Wren; Rosas Vera, José; Montalbán Larraín, María Magdalena; Guzmán, Germán
A casi 150 años de su implementación, aún se sabe relativamente poco de los alcances de la transformación de Santiago emprendida por Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna entre 1872 y 1875. En ello han colaborado tanto la escasa documentación gráﬁca que ha llegado hasta nosotros como la generalidad de las investigaciones realizadas ahora, pues la mayoría de ellas ha dado por descontado que el plano de Santiago de Ernesto Ansart de 1875 representa ese plan de transformación. Respondiendo a lo anterior, se ha elaborado una cartografía que analiza la ordenación morfotipológica y el trazado urbano de esa ciudad con el ﬁn de dilucidar dos importantes cuestiones: ¿cuál era la realidad urbanística que registraba Santiago hacia 1872? y ¿cuáles fueron los principios, condiciones y elementos que orientaron el plan de transformación? Aventuramos que la transformación de Santiago de 1872 fue guiada por una especial actitud del intendente: la de situarse entre la concreta realidad de la ciudad y las obras necesarias para su transformación, pero sin el plano que registrará lo existente y sobre el cual proyectar la ciudad futura. Por esta razón, se debe dejar de lado el plano de Ansart, pues, contrariamente a lo que se piensa, es más lo que oculta que lo que revela de esa ciudad en transformación. Precisar esa realidad y conocer ese plan es el objetivo de la cartografía propuesta y de este artículo que la acompaña.
Students understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis in risk areas
(2022) Cabello González, Valeria Magaly
Population growth and spread have increased human exposure to natural hazards and potential disasters affecting people’s quality of life. This situation is especially manifested in marginalized or vulnerable areas. Moreover, within such vulnerable areas, children are especially affected, and are, at the same time, considered to be agents of change. However, children’s voices have been scarcely considered for disaster risk reduction planning, and science education has not widely addressed these ideas. This study explores the understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis by children living in high-risk areas of Chile during a learning unit and according to their geographical zone. The study was part of a context-based science education learning unit. One hundred and two students from four schools used explanations to draw and write the causes of the risk situation, revealing their understanding of each phenomenon. The results show most students attributed earthquakes to the Tectonic Plates Theory while holding ancient scientific ideas about tsunami causes, for example, some explanations were based on air pressures. More sophisticated reasoning was found at the end of the learning unit, advancing their understanding of hazards promoted by the science education of the learning unit. The relevance of context-based science education for disaster risk reduction is discussed, especially for the cases of children with animistic - transferring human needs and attributes to non-animated entities- or fatalist understandings of the phenomena. The scientific understanding perhaps promotes empowerment and action-based choices for safety. Furthermore, the argument for policy curriculum design in primary science education for mitigating disasters is discussed.
Tall building vibration control using a TM-MR damper assembly
(WILEY, 2011) Zemp, René; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Almazán Campillay, José Luis
This research investigates the seismic and harmonic response of a true free-plan tall building equipped with two tuned pendular inertial masses (TMs) and magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Construction of this proof-of-concept building was completed in 2007, and it is the first of its class in Chile. This article provides research results associated with this specific implementation; however, in order to make the results applicable to other building cases a parametric study was considered. A brief description of the structure and TM implementation together with the nonlinear equations of motion of the TM-MR damper assembly are presented. Building displacements and accelerations are computed and analyzed for a suite of subduction-type and near field ground motions. Besides, a new physical controller for the MR dampers is proposed and analyzed. The performance of this controller is compared with that of benchmark LQR controllers. In general, the TM-MR damper assembly improves the lateral performance of this structure for lateral harmonic excitations. However, the expected peak and RMS response modification factors and efficacy of the solution for earthquake excitations are strongly dependent on the frequency content of the excitation. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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