Browsing by Author "Villalobos, Cristóbal"
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- ItemAcademic networks within chilean schools: an exploratory study using exponential random graph models (ERGM)(2016) Palacios Farías, Diego Francisco; Villalobos, CristóbalEl artículo analiza las redes académicas que se producen alinterior de aulas chilenas entre estudiantes de Tercer Año Medio (K-11) en distintos tipos de establecimientos, a través de ModelosExponencialesde Grafos Aleatorios (ERGM). A partir de un modelo analítico que incorpora variables endógenas (reciprocidad,conectividad simple, popularidad, actividad, triangulación) y variables exógenas (género del estudiante, nivel socioeconómico, capital cultural, capital social), se observa que el efecto más importante para explicar las redes académicas se produce por variables endógenas (especialmente por la reciprocidad y triangulación) por sobre el componente exógeno, lo que podría indicar que las relaciones microsociales académicas se configuran, a lo menos en parte, independientemente de las características de los estudiantes. Asimismo, los resultados indican la existencia de relaciones complejas al interior del aula, y algunas diferencias interesantes entre los cursos respecto del efecto de las variables sociales y culturales, lo que podría indicar que algunos patrones de distinción social son relevantes en las interacciones académicas al interior del aula.
- ItemAgrupamiento por habilidad académica en el sistema escolar: nueva evidencia para comprender las desigualdades del sistema educativo chileno(2018) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Bejares, Consuelo; Wyman, Ignacio; Allende, Claudio
- ItemAre the school choices of indigenous students affected by discrimination? Evidence from Chile(2023) Hofflinger, Álvaro; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Cárdenas, Loreto; Treviño Villarreal, Juan ErnestoA common criticisms of school choice programs is that, instead of improving student achievement, they would increase school segregation. Parents may use different criteria to choose a school, such as proximity, school quality, or the school's ethnic/racial composition. As a result, the system would be segregated based on the parent's preferences. This research examines the school preferences of indigenous parents and whether ethnic discrimination influences their decision-making process. Longitudinal national-level data from Chile were analyzed using OLS with fixed effects. The results show that indigenous students, particularly those who have suffered ethnic discrimination in middle school, prefer high schools with a higher percentage of indigenous students. Furthermore, it was found that the level of acts of discrimination occurring in middle schools increases as the percentage of indigenous students rises. However, when the proportion of indigenous and non-indigenous students is similar, indigenous students are less likely to face discrimination.
- ItemCiudadanías, educación y juventudes. Investigaciones y debates para el Chile del futuro(2021) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Morel, María JoséCiudadanías, educación y juventudes. Investigaciones y debates para el Chile del futuro” es un libro que busca recopilar evidencia sobre la construcción de la ciudadanía juvenil en Chile y América Latina, promover discusiones respecto del rol de la escuela en la formación ciudadana y potenciar el debate sobre los desafíos económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales que vivimos actualmente y que vivirán las próximas generaciones en este globalizado mundo. A través de 15 capítulos -además de 6 relatos de jóvenes de distintos lugares, identidades y organizaciones del país-, el libro busca profundizar en un tópico poco considerado por el sistema escolar y la investigación social: la relación entre ciudadanía, escuela y juventudes. En contraste con las visiones que han restringido el tema de la ciudadanía a discusiones curriculares o a análisis normativos de lo que la juventud “debiese ser”, el libro se desarrolla desde una definición amplia de la(s) ciudadanía(s) y la(s) juventud(es), considerando como un eje central de trabajo la pluralidad de miradas, enfoques conceptuales, sujetos de investigación y metodologías. En términos de su organización, el libro está estructurado en tres grandes dimensiones. La primera sección se focaliza en las actitudes cívicas, explorando cómo actitudes identitarias de las juventudes (como la orientación sexual, los prejuicios de género, la etnicidad o la nacionalidad) impactan en la vida escolar. La segunda sección se apunta al conocimiento cívico, analizando el rol de los profesores en la formación ciudadana, las políticas públicas sobre la materia, las brechas de conocimiento ciudadano existentes y los factores familiares y escolares que podrían potenciar este conocimiento. Finalmente, la tercera sección profundiza en las acciones ciudadanas, estudiando las protestas juveniles secundarias, las formas de organización juvenil escolar, las acciones socioambientales o la percepción de los jóvenes sobre la participación política dentro o fuera de la escuela. Concebido como un trabajo colectivo, “Ciudadanías, educación y juventudes. Investigaciones y debates para el Chile del futuro” reúne a más de 50 investigadores e investigadoras, especializados en ámbitos tan diversos como el currículo escolar, la sociología, la psicología, la historia, las ciencias ambientales o la ciencia política, para promover un debate intergeneracional y activar discusiones centrales en las próximas décadas en el país, en un momento que puede considerarse como clave para el futuro de nuestra sociedad
- ItemCivic knowledge and open classroom discussion: explaining tolerance of corruption among 8th-grade students in Latin America(2020) Carrasco Ogaz, Diego; Banerjee, R.; Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Villalobos, Cristóbal
- ItemClassroom ability composition and the role of academic performance and school misconduct in the formation of academic and friendship networks(2019) Palacios, Diego; Dijkstra, Jan Kornelis; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Berger Silva, Christian; Huisman, Mark; Veenstra, René
- ItemConnected or Disconnected? Exploring the Relationship Between Citizenship Norms and Other Citizenship Attitudes in Young People(Routledge, 2022) Villalobos, Cristóbal; Carrasco Ogaz, Diego; Miranda Riquelme, Catalina; Morel Rioseco, María Jesús; Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Sandoval-Hernández, AndrésCitizenship is a complex, multidimensional concept that comprises a broad set of beliefs, values, skills, knowledge, actions, and dispositions. Due to this multiplicity, the relationships between the components of citizenship are not necessarily linear or causal. Using the largest and most recent comparative study on youth citizenship, the 2016 International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, this chapter analyzes the relationship between civic norms and four attitudes: multiculturalism, gender equality, patriotism, and respect for democracy. To differentiate between different types of civic norms, five profiles of eighth-grade students are discussed: (1) comprehensive (students who express that all civic norms are important; (2) duty-based (students who support traditional norms, like obeying the law or respecting authorities); (3) socially engaged (students who support norms oriented toward helping the community and protecting the environment and human rights); (4) monitorial (students who value non-conventional forms of political participation); and (5) anomic (those with the lowest endorsement in all citizenship norms). General trends show that the profiles of civic norms endorsement vary significantly between countries, suggesting that citizenship norms are constructed contextually. There is continued relevance in exploring the contradictory relationship between patriotism and multiculturalism, or gender equality with respect to other civic attitudes.
- ItemEffects of Between-Class Ability Grouping on Secondary Students’ Academic Achievement: Quasi-experimental evidence from Chile(2023) Allende, Claudio; Díaz, Juan Daniel; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Wyman, Ignacio; Trevino Villarreal, Juan ErnestoThis study estimates the effect of between-class ability grouping on Chilean secondary students’ academic achievement. We rely on a structural feature of the school system: a considerable number of students who complete primary school must change schools to start their secondary education. Cardinality matching was performed in order to account for confounding variables. Sensitivity analysis was performed to address the fact that differences in unobserved variables could bias our findings. Results show that attending a school that groups students by ability causes a reduction in the average scores obtained in 10th grade of 0.07 sd for lecture and 0.08 sd for mathematics. Students matched by their observed covariates could differ in their odds of attending a school with or without ability grouping by 15% for mathematics and 10% for lecture, without altering our conclusions. Disadvantaged students are the most affected, whereas best-performing students do not benefit from this policy either.
- ItemElite universities in Chile: Between social mobility and reproduction of inequality(2022) Quaresma, María Luisa; Villalobos, CristóbalThe Chilean Higher Education System can be considered an exemplary case of massification based on the privatisation and heterogenisation of universities. These processes have created a dual system, with a large group of universities for mass education versus a small group of universities focused on educating elites. In this context, this paper aims to analyse the ethos and missions of elite universities and programmes, their selection mechanisms, and students’ socioeconomic and cultural background. Eight case studies were selected, and different data collection techniques were used: interviews with academics, non-participant observations, students’ survey and secondary data analysis. Results show that these elite universities (characterised by overrepresentation of students from the upper and middle-upper classes, high levels of excellence and prestige, and academic selection processes or high fees) respond to their own market niche’s needs, differentiating themselves not only from ‘mass universities’ but also from each other. To achieve this, each elite university has its own vision, set of values and practices. Despite these differences, all the elite universities and programmes seek to face the current tertiary massification scenario by opening up to student social diversity ensuring, however, that these changes do not structurally modify their sociocultural composition or their institutional mission.
- ItemGlobal citizenship and youth: Profiles of perception of global threats(Routledge, 2022) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Escribano, Rosario; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Carrasco, Diego; Morel, Maria Jesús; Miranda, Catalina; Rocuant, AdolfoThis study investigates the perception of global threats among young people. Using data from the 2016 International Civics and Citizenship Study and applying a latent class analysis technique, the chapter classifies students according to their perceptions on global threats in three dimensions: (1) environmental (pollution, climate change, and water shortages); (2) economic (global financial crises, energy shortages, poverty, unemployment, and food shortages); and, (3) sociopolitical (crime, violent conflict, terrorism, overpopulation, and infectious diseases). The results show that students can be categorized into five classes: (a) aware: students who are quite aware of all the threats posed to them in the survey; (b) unaware: students who consider the threats to the future, except for pollution, as mostly not important; (c) aware but conflict senseless: students who consider most of the global threats as important, except for crime, violent crime, and unemployment; (d) aware but climate change and overpopulation senseless: students who consider most of the global threats as important, except for overpopulation and climate change; and, (e) pollutionists: students who consider pollution as important. These classes are comparable across countries, and important regional differences are discussed.
- ItemHow social sciences investigate issues of high political contingency. The case of the Chilean student movement(2019) Asún, Rodrigo A.; Yáñez Lagos, Lidia; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Zúñiga Rivas, ClaudiaEl presente trabajo investiga la forma en que las ciencias sociales, principalmente chilenas, están respondiendo a las dispares demandas que reciben actualmente y que consisten en aportar a la comprensión crítica de fenómenos relevantes para la sociedad y adecuarse a las recientes transformaciones en la forma de producir y comunicar conocimiento científico incorporando mayores niveles de internacionalización, globalización, especialización y complejización. Para ello se realiza una revisión sistemática de la producción científica publicada sobre el movimiento estudiantil chileno, que constituye uno de los movimientos sociales más relevantes de la historia reciente de Chile. Se sistematizaron 149 publicaciones editadas entre el año 2000 y el 2016. Los resultados muestran que la capacidad de las ciencias sociales chilenas para abordar estas demandas contradictorias es parcial, pues sus análisis críticos tienden a ser uniformes y de alcance temporal limitado, mientras que sus estudios empíricos no siempre poseen los niveles de internacionalización y complejidad demandados actualmente para participar en los circuitos internacionales de publicación.
- ItemIntercultural Education in Chile: A Discussion Map(Springer, 2023) Morawietz, Liliana; Treviño, Ernesto; Villalobos, CristóbalThis first chapter addresses three distinct aspects of Bilingual Intercultural Education (EIB, by the Spanish acronym). The first section provides a brief overview of the recent history of EIB during the last two decades in Chile, outlining its main policies and describing the major milestones and advances, as well as its various challenges, in order to demonstrate the development path that EIB has followed in the country.
- ItemProtestando en la cuna del neoliberalismo. Factores explicativos macrosociales del movimiento estudiantil universitario chileno en la postdictadura (1990- 2019)(2023) Ortíz Inostroza, Camila; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Inostroza, Rodrigo Asun; Rivas, Claudia ZungaThe recent rise of social protest in Latin America has con-tradicted the hypotheses that predicted neoliberal reforms would weaken social movements in the region. In this re-spect, the Chilean student movement is paradigmatic both for its massiveness and for emerging in one of the coun-tries with the greatest neoliberal consolidation. Using a da-tabase that collects the university protests registered in 30 years (1990-2019), the article analyzes some factors that could explain the protest cycle. The results show that the level of public spending in higher education, the number of student aid education recipients, and the economic growth have relevant effects on the annual frequency of protests (although with different strengths). These findings illustrate how social and political pressures from new social groups constituted under the wing of neoliberal reforms exert an influence over protest cycles, in the context of an increase of expectations and demands.
- ItemSegregation of Indigenous Students in the Chilean School System(Springer, 2023) Treviño, Ernesto; Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Villalobos, CristóbalSchool segregation, especially on the basis of socioeconomic, ethnic, or racial characteristics, is one of the fields of greatest interest for the design of public policies in countries with high levels of inequality in educational opportunities and low social mobility, such as Chile (Núñez and Miranda, Estudios De Economía 38:195–221, 2011; OECD. (2010). PISA 2009 Results: What Students Know and Can Do - Student Performance in Reading, Mathematics and Science (Vol. 1): OECD.). This trend has been accentuated in a global context of educational reforms aimed at improving academic performance through standards-based quality assurance systems (often built on the results of standardized national tests) and strengthening the links between productive development and the quality of education (ECLAC. (2010). La hora de la igualdad. Brechas por cerrar, caminos por abrir. Santiago: CEPAL.). The evidence gathered at the international level conclusively shows the direct negative short-, medium-, and long-term effects of school segregation on these objectives (Gorard and Fitz, Research Papers in Education 15:115–132, 2000; Harker, The effects of Student Composition on School Outcomes, Massey University, New Zealand. College of Education, 2004).
- ItemSocioeconomic Segregation in Higher Education: Evidence for Chile (2009–2017)(2023) Kuzmanic, Danilo; Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Quaresma, María LuisaThis paper was the first to analyze the magnitude, temporal evolution, and decomposition of socioeconomic segregation in Chilean higher education, over the period 2009 to 2017, in which relevant policies aimed at strengthening inclusion and equity in the system were introduced. Two segregation indices, the dissimilarity index and the square root index, are used to meet these objectives. The results show high and persistent segregation for high socioeconomic status students, in contrast to the moderate and decreasing segregation levels seen in the low and middle socioeconomic groups. Besides, the decomposition exercise posits the universities as the focus of segregation in this system, where both the institution and the degree program constitute relevant factors in understanding the unequal distribution of high socioeconomic status students. These results invite an in-depth look at the mechanisms that hinder social integration in this area, with a particular emphasis on the segregation of the highest socioeconomic status students, whose place in this system promotes their academic and social differentiation.
- ItemThe (im)possibilities of an ideal education reform. Discourses, alliances and construction of alternatives of the Rosa Sensat movement in Catalonia(2023) Parcerisa, Lluís; Collet-Sabé, Jordi; Villalobos, CristóbalThis article analyses the case of Rosa Sensat teachers’ movement in Catalonia during the final years of Francoism and the transition to democracy in Spain (1965–1990). This movement was a key actor in education reform debates in that period. Based on the perspective of political process theory, the article focuses on the contextual, organisational and discursive dynamics that define the Rosa Sensat movement, and its role as a sociopolitical actor in three historical periods: (i) the moment of emergence, linked to the dissident schools (1965–1970); (ii) the process of transition to democracy and educational decentralisation, marked by the difficulties in reforming public education (1970–1977); and (iii) the post-transition period, marked by the new constitution, the integration of dissident schools into the public system (1978–1990) and the marginalisation of the movement. The conclusions highlight its influence and subsequent decline as a sociopolitical actor in education reform.
- ItemWho, how and what is investigated in a commercialized educational system? A meta-analysis of research on educational policy in post-dictatorship Chile (1990-2019)(Universidad de San Andrés y Arizona State University, 2022) Villalobos, Cristóbal; Pereira Mardones, SebastianStarting from the idea that research and who carry it out affect the construction of the educational system, this article seeks to describe and understand what the main patterns of academic publication on educational policy in post-dictatorship Chile (1990–2019) are. Through a systematic review of more than 300 articles about educational policy, the paper analyzes who publish, the methods used and what has been investigated during the last three decades. The results show that research on educational policy is characterized by being a masculinized and individualized space, dominated by elite universities and characterized for a disciplinary autonomy. In addition, research in educational policy is highly descriptive and tends to use a qualitative approach as away of approaching the phenomena it studies. Finally, it is observed that, even though most of the studies have a critical stance towards the market, in general they seek to correct it rather than remove it. This exercise allows deepening the reflection on the reconfiguration of the relationship between research and educational policy, as well as the mechanisms of influence that educational researchers develop on educational polic.
- ItemWithin-school segregation in the Chilean school system: What factors explain it? How efficient is this practice for fostering student achievement and equity?(2016) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Villalobos, Cristóbal