Browsing by Author "Strik, Bernadine C."

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    Response of Highbush Blueberry to Nitrogen Fertilizer During Field Establishment, I: Accumulation and Allocation of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Biomass
    (AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, 2012) Pilar Banados, M.; Strik, Bernadine C.; Bryla, David R.; Righetti, Timothy L.
    The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on plant growth, N uptake, and biomass and N allocation in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. 'Bluecrop') were determined during the first 2 years of field establishment. Plants were either grown without N fertilizer after planting (0N) or were fertilized with 50, 100, or 150 kg.ha(-1) of N (50N, 100N, 150N, respectively) per year using N-15-depleted ammonium sulfate the first year (2002) and non-labeled ammonium sulfate the second year (2003) and were destructively harvested on 11 dates from Mar. 2002 to Jan. 2004. Application of 50N produced the most growth and yield among the N fertilizer treatments, whereas application of 100N and 150N reduced total plant dry weight (DW) and relative uptake of N fertilizer and resulted in 17% to 55% plant mortality. By the end of the first growing season in Oct. 2002, plants fertilized with 50N, 100N, and 150N recovered 17%, 10%, and 3% of the total N applied, respectively. The top-to-root DW ratio was 1.2, 1.6, 2.1, and 1.5 for the 0N, 50N, 100N, and 150N treatments, respectively. By Feb. 2003, 0N plants gained 1.6 g/plant of N from soil and pre-plant N sources, whereas fertilized plants accumulated only 0.9 g/plant of N from these sources and took up an average of 1.4 g/plant of N from the fertilizer. In Year 2, total N and dry matter increased from harvest to dormancy in 0N plants but decreased in N-fertilized plants. Plants grown with 0N also allocated less biomass to leaves and fruit than fertilized plants and therefore lost less DW and N during leaf abscission, pruning, and fruit harvest. Consequently, by Jan. 2004, there was little difference in DW between 0N and 50N treatments; however, as a result of lower N concentrations, 0N plants accumulated only 3.6 g/plant (9.6 kg-ha(-1)) of N, whereas plants fertilized with 50N accumulated 6.4 g/plant (17.8 kg.ha(-1)), 20% of which came from N-15 fertilizer applied in 2002. Although fertilizer N applied in 2002 was diluted by non-labeled N applications the next year, total N derived from the fertilizer (NDFF) almost doubled during the second season, before post-harvest losses brought it back to the starting point.
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    Response of Highbush Blueberry to Nitrogen Fertilizer during Field Establishment-II. Plant Nutrient Requirements in Relation to Nitrogen Fertilizer Supply
    (AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, 2012) Bryla, David R.; Strik, Bernadine C.; Pilar Banados, M.; Righetti, Timothy L.
    A study was done to determine the macro- and micronutrient requirements of young northern highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. 'Bluecrop') during the first 2 years of establishment and to examine how these requirements were affected by the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied. The plants were spaced 1.2 x 3.0 m apart and fertilized with 0, 50, or 100 kg.ha(-1) of N, 35 kg.ha(-1) of phosphorus (P), and 66 kg.ha(-1) of potassium (K) each spring. A light fruit crop was harvested during the second year after planting. Plants were excavated and parts sampled for complete nutrient analysis at six key stages of development, from leaf budbreak after planting to fruit harvest the next year. The concentration of several nutrients in the leaves, including N, P, calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and manganese (Mn), increased with N fertilizer application, whereas leaf boron (B) concentration decreased. In most cases, the concentration of nutrients was within or above the range considered normal for mature blueberry plants, although leaf N was below normal in plants grown without fertilizer in Year 1, and leaf B was below normal in plants fertilized with 50 or 100 kg.ha(-1) N in Year 2. Plants fertilized with 50 kg.ha(-1) N were largest, producing 22% to 32% more dry weight (DW) the first season and 78% to 90% more DW the second season than unfertilized plants or plants fertilized with 100 kg.ha(-1) N. Most DW accumulated in new shoots, leaves, and roots in both years as well as in fruit the second year. New shoot and leaf DW was much greater each year when plants were fertilized with 50 or 100 kg.ha(-1) N, whereas root DW was only greater at fruit harvest and only when 50 kg.ha(-1) N was applied. Application of 50 kg.ha(-1) N also increased DW of woody stems by fruit harvest, but neither 50 nor 100 kg.ha(-1) N had a significant effect on crown, flower, or fruit DW. Depending on treatment, plants lost 16% to 29% of total biomass at leaf abscission, 3% to 16% when pruned in winter, and 13% to 32% at fruit harvest. The content of most nutrients in the plant followed the same patterns of accumulation and loss as plant DW. However, unlike DW, magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) content in new shoots and leaves was similar among N treatments the first year, and N fertilizer increased N and S content in woody stems much earlier than it increased biomass of the stems. Likewise, N, P, S, and Zn content in the crown were greater at times when N fertilizer was applied, whereas K and Ca content were sometimes lower. Overall, plants fertilized with 50 kg.ha(-1) N produced the most growth and, from planting to first fruit harvest, required 34.8 kg.ha(-1) N, 2.3 kg.ha(-1) P, 12.5 kg.ha(-1) K, 8.4 kg.ha(-1) Ca, 3.8 kg.ha(-1) Mg, 5.9 S, 295 g.ha(-1) Fe, 40 B, 23 g.ha(-1) copper (Cu), 1273 g.ha(-1) Mn, and 65 g.ha(-1) Zn. Thus, of the total amount of fertilizer applied over 2 years, only 21% of the N, 3% of the P, and 9% of the K were used by plants during establishment.
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    Worldwide blackberry production
    (2007) Strik, Bernadine C.; Clark, John R.; Finn, Chad E.; Banados, M. Pilar
    A survey of worldwide blackberry (Rubusspp.) production was conducted in 2005. Results indicated there were an estimated 20,035 ha of blackberries planted and commercially cultivated worldwide, a 45% increase from 1995. Wild blackberries still make a significant contribution to worldwide production, with 8000 ha and 13,460 Mg harvested in 2004. There were 7692 ha of commercially cultivated blackberries in Europe, 7159 ha in North America, 1640 ha in Central America, 1597 ha in South America, 297 ha in Oceania, and 100 ha in Africa. Worldwide production of cultivated blackberries was 140,292 Mg in 2005. Of the blackberry area worldwide, 50% was planted to semierect cultivars, 25% to erect, and 25% to trailing types. 'Thornfree', 'Loch Ness', and 'Chester Thornless' were the most important sernierect types, and 'Brazos' and 'Marion' the most common erect and trailing types, respectively. In general, erect and sernierect cultivars are grown for fresh market and trailing cultivars for processing. Fresh fruit are usually picked into the final container in the field, whereas 75% of trailing blackberries for processing are picked by machine. Common production problems are reported. Production systems for field-grown blackberry differ with type grown and region. For example, in Mexico, production systems are modified to extend the production season for 'Tupy' and other erect-type cultivars from mid-October to June. Organic blackberry production is expected to increase from the 2528 ha planted in 2005. An estimated 315 ha of blackberries were grown under tunnels, mainly to protect against adverse weather and target high-priced markets. Based on this survey, there may be 27,032 ha of commercial blackberries planted worldwide in 2015, not including production from harvested wild plants.