Browsing by Author "Salinas, Viviana"
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- ItemEducational Inequalities among Latin American Adolescents: Continuities and Changes over the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2012) Marteleto, Leticia; Gelber, Denisse; Hubert, Celia; Salinas, VivianaThe goal of this paper is to examine recent trends in educational stratification for Latin American adolescents growing up in three distinct periods: the 1980s, during severe recession; the 1990s. a period of structural adjustments imposed by international organizations; and the late 2000s, when most countries in the region experienced positive and stable growth. In addition, to school enrollment and educational transitions, we examine the quality of education through enrollment in private schools, an important aspect of inequality in education that most studies have neglected. We use nationally representative household survey data for the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s in Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay. Our overall findings confirm the importance of macroeconomic conditions for inequalities in educational opportunity,suggesting important benefits brought up by the favorable conditions of the 2000s. However, our findings also call attention to increasing disadvantages associated with the quality of the education adolescents receive, suggesting the significance of the EMI framework-Effectively Maintained Inequality-and highlighting the value of examining the quality in addition to the quantity of education in order to fully understand educational stratification in the Latin American context. 2011 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- ItemEl aprendizaje matemático en el hogar durante la pandemia de covid-19 desde la perspectiva de las madres: diferentes escenarios de acuerdo con el nivel socioeconómico(2022) Susperreguy Jorquera, María Inés; Del Rio, Francisca M.; Salinas, Viviana; Córdova, Karen; Marín, AnnelieseLa pandemia de covid-19 interrumpió en Chile la asistencia presencial de los niños a la escuela. Esto convirtió a las madres de niños de primaria en el principal apoyo para su aprendizaje. Dado que las habilidades matemáticas son centrales para el logro académico posterior, este artículo busca conocer, desde la perspectiva de las madres, cómo aprendieron matemática los niños en este periodo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 14 madres de niños de 3er grado de primaria, de diferente nivel socioeconómico (NSE). Se indagó por el tipo de clases que recibieron, recursos del hogar para el aprendizaje, tipo de acompañamiento que fue necesario, entre otros. Los resultados muestran que las escuelas ofrecieron distintas modalidades de clases y que los recursos de enseñanza variaban de acuerdo al NSE de las familias; que las madres fueron las principales encargadas del apoyo escolar en matemáticas, pero que, en ocasiones, pedían ayuda a los padres cuando se sentían poco capaces para esa materia, y que los recursos del hogar para apoyar el aprendizaje matemático también variaban de manera importante de acuerdo al NSE. Los hallazgos revelan que los niños de sectores más vulnerables contaron con menos oportunidades para el logro de aprendizajes matemáticos durante la pandemia.
- ItemGender Differences in Retirement Behavior: How Family, Work, and Pension Regime Explain Retirement in Chile(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2021) Canales, Andrea; Salinas, Viviana; Biehl, AndresWhile there is vast research on the Chilean pension system, its financial sustainability, and overall effects on the economy, the literature is scanter about gender differences in retirement and its determinants in the context of a high-income developing country with low rates of female labor market participation and less generous welfare provisions. This study seeks to address these gaps. Employing data from the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (LSPS), we conduct survival analyses to (a) estimate differences in the risk of retirement between men and women, and to (b) investigate how the decision of retirement is influenced by family, work/socioeconomic factors, and pension regimes. Our analyses focused on the age of the first pension receipt. We carry out supplemental analyses on whether pension receipt leads to permanent exit from the labor market. Our results showed that women have a higher risk of receiving their first pension and retire earlier than men. We found that different work experiences prompt women to leave the labor market earlier than men. These results differ from prior research in developed countries that indicated that in countries with low female labor participation rates, women retire later than men.
- ItemGender differences in retirement in Chile and Uruguay(EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2020) Biehl, Andres; Canales, Andrea; Salinas, Viviana; Wormald, GuillermoPurpose This study compares retirement in Chile and Uruguay, and focuses on current individuals legally entitled to retire, particularly women. The article analyses how labour market and family resources shape the access of women and men to social insurance by investigating the likelihood of retirement after reaching the legal age of retirement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (LSPS), a biannual or triennial longitudinal survey carried out in six Latin American countries. To study gender differences in the chance of being retired, the study conducts a series of logit regression models to model retirement as a function of labour market and life course conditions as well as providing descriptive and contextual information. Findings Main findings support labour market explanations of gender differences in retirement. Work experience, human capital and contribution densities largely explain the chances of retirement and economic autonomy among elderly women. Further analysis reveal that they are both less likely than men to retire but also to work in old age, limiting their economic autonomy. Research limitations/implications Data for Uruguay are recent. To maximize comparison between countries, the paper selects the more recent waves with complete administrative information. As a result, the article uses cross-sectional data that might not capture the accumulation of family resources and could fail to provide a complete gendered life course explanation of current disadvantages faced by women. Originality/value The article uses novel data in order to place two Latin American countries within mainstream sociological theories of retirement, thus complementing literature that mainly focuses on European and North-American societies. The paper also documents gender gaps in retirement in two different Latin American societies, one with a traditionally generous public pension system (Uruguay) and one with a largely privately-run contributory system (Chile).
- ItemThe role of mathematical vocabulary in the development of mathematical skills for Spanish-speaking students(2024) Susperreguy Jorquera, María Inés; Sabrina M. Di Lonardo Burr; Chang Xu; Heather P. Douglas; Taeko Bourque; M. Francisca del Río; Salinas, Viviana; Jo-Anne LeFevreDoes mathematical vocabulary predict the change in students’ performance on mathematical tasks from one academic year to the next? Chilean Spanish-speaking students (N = 87) completed measures of mathematical vocabulary, mathematical skills (i.e., arithmetic fluency, calculation, and applied problems), receptive vocabulary, and working memory in Grade 2 (T1, Mage = 7:11 years:months, SD = 0:5, 46% girls). One year later (T2) they completed the same mathematical measures. Concurrent relations were found between mathematical vocabulary and the three mathematical skills at both time points. Together, general and mathematical vocabulary at T1 explained significant unique variance in the change in applied problems and calculation from T1 to T2. For calculation however, only mathematical vocabulary predicted significant unique variance in the change from T1 to T2. Change in arithmetic fluency was only predicted by working memory. These results address the roles of general and mathematical vocabulary in students’ mathematical development in elementary school.
- ItemUna nueva mirada a los determinantes del peso infantil en la primera infancia(2020) Salinas, Viviana; Goldsmith, J.