Browsing by Author "Martínez, Rafael"

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    Aprendizajes extraídos de la participación de fuerzas armadas en operaciones de paz
    (Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2022) Jenne, Nicole; Martínez, Rafael
    Las experiencias operacionales son un elemento clave de la cultura organizacional de las fuerzas armadas. De esta forma, no solo influyen sobre cómo las instituciones militares se organizan, entrenan y se adiestran, sino también sobre cómo los militares definen el propósito de su propia institución. Durante la última década, los estudios académicos han empezado a analizar cómo las operaciones de paz, siendo hoy día una experiencia operacional significativa para la mayoría de las fuerzas armadas en el mundo, influyen sobre ellas. Este capítulo tiene como objetivo presentar la evidencia de los principales estudios existentes sobre los posibles aprendizajes extraídos de operaciones de paz, con énfasis en América Latina. Es pertinente hacer un balance del estado de arte ya que la línea de investigación sobre aprendizajes derivados de la participación en operaciones de paz se ha ido consolidando en los últimos años, hasta el punto de que es posible derivar de ella algunos hallazgos generales.
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    Comparing COVID-19 in the antipodes: insights from pandemic containment strategies on both sides of the Pacific
    (2022) Benita, Francisco; Fuentes Arce, Luis; Guzmán, Luis A.; Martínez, Rafael; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Neo, Harvey; Rodríguez Leiva, Sebastián; Soza Parra, Jaime Antonio
    That the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in terms of its scale, spread and shocks can be evinced by the myriad of ever-changing responses cities all around the world have rolled out throughout the different waves of outbreaks. Although the threat is similar across the world, it took some time before its reach became global and the waves of outbreak are experienced by cities at different times. While this staggered spread imply that some cities might manage the virus better as they learn from the experiences of cities which had been amongst the earliest to face the virus, the reality is more complicated. In the early stages of the pandemic, the global consensus on the best way to contain the virus swiftly converged in the interlinked strategies of restricting the movement of people and minimizing their social contact. However, the effectiveness of these strategies differ greatly between cities. To that end, this study focuses on COVID-19 responses in two regions (Latin America and Southeast Asia) and examines the evolution of the first wave of COVID-19 outbreaks during 2020 in Singapore, Jakarta (Indonesia), Bogot´a (Colombia) and Santiago (Chile). The study is based on a comparative approach and uses a variety of data sources, namely morphology, density, housing concentration, mobility, and governance in the four analyzed cities. The goal is to shed light on the response of city governments in these two different regions in terms of mobility restrictions in order to reduce the cases of new infections. The results show the relevance of urban policies and their territorial approaches, particularly in terms of mobility and public transport networks in the four cities.
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    Domestic military missions in Latin America: Civil-military relations and the perpetuation of democratic deficits
    (2022) Jenne, Nicole; Martínez, Rafael
    Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, including for urban and border patrols, literacy campaigns and to collect garbage, among many other tasks. The military's manifold internal use has been defended mainly based on pragmatic reasons. We argue instead that the ostensive pareto optimality between militaries and governments has had negative effects for civil-military relations from a democratic governance point of view that takes into consideration the efficiency and effectiveness of how the state delivers basic services across different policy areas.