Browsing by Author "Lazarus, Jeffrey V."

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    A global action agenda for turning the tide on fatty liver disease
    (2024) Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Mark, Henry E.; Allen, Alina M.; Arab, Juan Pablo; Carrieri, Patrizia; Noureddin, Mazen; Alazawi, William; Alkhouri, Naim; Alqahtani, Saleh A.; Anstee, Quentin M.; Arrese, Marco; Bataller, Ramon; Berg, Thomas; Brennan, Paul N.; Burra, Patrizia; Castro-Narro, Graciela E.; Cortez-Pinto, Helena; Cusi, Kenneth; Dedes, Nikos; Duseja, Ajay; Francque, Sven M.; Gastaldelli, Amalia; Hagstrom, Hannes; Huang, Terry T. K.; Wajcman, Dana Ivancovsky; Kautz, Achim; Kopka, Christopher J.; Krag, Aleksander; Newsome, Philip N.; Rinella, Mary E.; Romero, Diana; Sarin, Shiv Kumar; Silva, Marcelo; Spearman, C. Wendy; Terrault, Norah A.; Tsochatzis, Emmanuel A.; Valenti, Luca; Villota-Rivas, Marcela; Zelber-Sagi, Shira; Schattenberg, Joern M.; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Younossi, Zobair M.
    Background and Aims: Fatty liver disease is a major public health threat due to its very high prevalence and related morbidity and mortality. Focused and dedicated interventions are urgently needed to target disease prevention, treatment, and care.Approach and Results: We developed an aligned, prioritized action agenda for the global fatty liver disease community of practice. Following a Delphi methodology over 2 rounds, a large panel (R1 n = 344, R2 n = 288) reviewed the action priorities using Qualtrics XM, indicating agreement using a 4-point Likert-scale and providing written feedback. Priorities were revised between rounds, and in R2, panelists also ranked the priorities within 6 domains: epidemiology, treatment and care, models of care, education and awareness, patient and community perspectives, and leadership and public health policy. The consensus fatty liver disease action agenda encompasses 29 priorities. In R2, the mean percentage of "agree" responses was 82.4%, with all individual priorities having at least a super-majority of agreement (> 66.7% "agree"). The highest-ranked action priorities included collaboration between liver specialists and primary care doctors on early diagnosis, action to address the needs of people living with multiple morbidities, and the incorporation of fatty liver disease into relevant non-communicable disease strategies and guidance.Conclusions: This consensus-driven multidisciplinary fatty liver disease action agenda developed by care providers, clinical researchers, and public health and policy experts provides a path to reduce fatty liver disease prevalence and improve health outcomes. To implement this agenda, concerted efforts will be needed at the global, regional, and national levels.
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    A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease
    (2023) Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Mark, Henry E.; Allen, Alina M.; Arab, Juan Pablo; Carrieri, Patrizia; Noureddin, Mazen; Alazawi, William; Alkhouri, Naim; Alqahtani, Saleh A.; Arrese, Marco; Bataller, Ramon; Berg, Thomas; Brennan, Paul N.; Burra, Patrizia; Castro-Narro, Graciela E.; Cortez-Pinto, Helena; Cusi, Kenneth; Dedes, Nikos; Duseja, Ajay; Francque, Sven M.; Hagstrom, Hannes; Huang, Terry T. -K.; Wajcman, Dana Ivancovsky; Kautz, Achim; Kopka, Christopher J.; Krag, Aleksander; Miller, Veronica; Newsome, Philip N.; Rinella, Mary E.; Romero, Diana; Sarin, Shiv Kumar; Silva, Marcelo; Spearman, C. Wendy; Tsochatzis, Emmanuel A.; Valenti, Luca; Villota-Rivas, Marcela; Zelber-Sagi, Shira; Schattenberg, Jorn M.; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Younossi, Zobair M.
    Background & aims: An estimated 38% of adults worldwide have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From individual impacts to widespread public health and economic consequences, the implications of this disease are profound. This study aimed to develop an aligned, prioritised fatty liver disease research agenda for the global health community.
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    A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature
    (2023) Rinella, Mary E.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Ratziu, Vlad; Francque, Sven M.; Sanyal, Arun J.; Kanwal, Fasiha; Romero, Diana; Abdelmalek, Manal F.; Anstee, Quentin M.; Arab, Juan Pablo; Arrese, Marco; Bataller, Ramon; Beuers, Ulrich; Boursier, Jerome; Bugianesi, Elisabetta; Byrne, Christopher D.; Narro, Graciela E. Castro; Chowdhury, Abhijit; Cortez-Pinto, Helena; Cryer, Donna R.; Cusi, Kenneth; El-Kassas, Mohamed; Klein, Samuel; Eskridge, Wayne; Fan, Jiangao; Gawrieh, Samer; Guy, Cynthia D.; Harrison, Stephen A.; Kim, Seung Up; Koot, Bart G.; Korenjak, Marko; Howdley, Kris V.; Lacaille, Florence; Loomba, Rohit; Mitchell-Thain, Robert; Morgan, Timothy R.; Powell, Elisabeth E.; Roden, Michael; Romero-Gomez, Manuel; Silva, Marcelo; Singh, Shivaram Prasad; Sookbian, Silvia C.; Spearman, C. Wendy; Tiniakos, Dina; Valenti, Luca; Vos, Miriam B.; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Xanthakos, Stavra; Yilmaz, Yusuf; Younossi, Zobair; Hobbs, Ansley; Villota-Rivas, Marcela; Newsome, Philip N.
    The principal limitations of the terms NAFLD and NASH are the reliance on exclusionary confounder terms and the use of potentially stigmatising language. This study set out to determine if content experts and patient advocates were in favour of a change in nomenclature and/or definition. A modified Delphi process was led by three large pan-national liver associations. The consensus was defined a priori as a supermajority (67%) vote. An independent committee of experts external to the nomenclature process made the final recommendation on the acronym and its diagnostic criteria. A total of 236 panellists from 56 countries participated in 4 online surveys and 2 hybrid meetings. Response rates across the 4 survey rounds were 87%, 83%, 83%, and 78%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt that the current nomenclature was sufficiently flawed to consider a name change. The terms "nonalcoholic" and "fatty" were felt to be stigmatising by 61% and 66% of respondents, respectively. Steatotic liver disease was chosen as an overarching term to encompass the various aetiologies of steatosis. The term steato-hepatitis was felt to be an important pathophysiological concept that should be retained. The name chosen to replace NAFLD was metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). There was consensus to change the definition to include the presence of at least 1 of 5 cardiometabolic risk factors. Those with no metabolic parameters and no known cause were deemed to have cryptogenic steatotic liver disease. A new category, outside pure metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, termed metabolic and alcohol related/associated liver disease (MetALD), was selected to describe those with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, who consume greater amounts of alcohol per week (140-350 g/wk and 210-420 g/ wk for females and males, respectively). The new nomenclature and diagnostic criteria are widely supported and non-stigmatising, and can improve awareness and patient identification.(c) 2023 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), and Fundacion Clinica Medica Sur, A.C. Published by Wolters Kluwer/Elsevier B.V/ Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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    A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature
    (2023) Rinella, Mary E.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Ratziu, Vlad; Francque, Sven M.; Sanyal, Arun J.; Kanwal, Fasiha; Romero, Diana; Abdelmalek, Manal F.; Anstee, Quentin M.; Pablo Arab, Juan; Arrese, Marco; Bataller, Ramon; Beuers, Ulrich; Boursier, Jerome; Bugianesi, Elisabetta; Byrne, Christopher D.; Castro Narro, Graciela E.; Chowdhury, Abhijit; Cortez-Pinto, Helena; Cryer, Donna R.; Cusi, Kenneth; El-Kassas, Mohamed; Klein, Samuel; Eskridge, Wayne; Fan, Jiangao; Gawrieh, Samer; Guy, Cynthia D.; Harrison, Stephen A.; Kim, Seung Up; Koot, Bart G.; Korenjak, Marko; Kowdley, Kris V.; Lacaille, Florence; Loomba, Rohit; Mitchell-Thain, Robert; Morgan, Timothy R.; Powell, Elisabeth E.; Roden, Michael; Romero-Gomez, Manuel; Silva, Marcelo; Singh, Shivaram Prasad; Sookoian, Silvia C.; Spearman, C. Wendy; Tiniakos, Dina; Valenti, Luca; Vos, Miriam B.; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Xanthakos, Stavra; Yilmaz, Yusuf; Younossi, Zobair; Hobbs, Ansley; Villota-Rivas, Marcela; Newsome, Philip N.
    The principal limitations of the terms NAFLD and NASH are the reliance on exclusionary confounder terms and the use of potentially stigmatising language. This study set out to determine if content experts and patient advocates were in favor of a change in nomenclature and/or definition. A modified Delphi process was led by three large pan-national liver associations. The consensus was defined a priori as a supermajority (67%) vote. An independent committee of experts external to the nomenclature process made the final recommendation on the acronym and its diagnostic criteria. A total of 236 panelists from 56 countries participated in 4 online surveys and 2 hybrid meetings. Response rates across the 4 survey rounds were 87%, 83%, 83%, and 78%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt that the current nomenclature was sufficiently flawed to consider a name change. The terms "nonalcoholic" and "fatty" were felt to be stigmatising by 61% and 66% of respondents, respectively. Steatotic liver disease was chosen as an overarching term to encompass the various aetiologies of steatosis. The term steatohepatitis was felt to be an important pathophysiological concept that should be retained. The name chosen to replace NAFLD was metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. There was consensus to change the definition to include the presence of at least 1 of 5 cardiometabolic risk factors. Those with no metabolic parameters and no known cause were deemed to have cryptogenic steatotic liver disease. A new category, outside pure metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, termed metabolic and alcohol related/associated liver disease (MetALD), was selected to describe those with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, who consume greater amounts of alcohol per week (140-350 g/wk and 210-420 g/wk for females and males, respectively). The new nomenclature and diagnostic criteria are widely supported and nonstigmatising, and can improve awareness and patient identification.
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    Association between public health policies on alcohol and worldwide cancer, liver disease and cardiovascular disease outcomes
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Diaz Piga, Luis Antonio; Fuentes, López Eduardo; Idalsoaga Ferrer, Francisco Javier; Ayares Campos, Gustavo Ignacio; Corsi Sotelo, Oscar Felipe; Arnold Alvarez, Jorge Ignacio; Cannistra Cadiz, Macarena Rossella; Vio Quiroz, Danae Fernanda; Marquez Lomas, Andrea; Ramirez Cadiz, Carolina Andrea; Medel Salas, María Paz; Hernández Tejero, María; Ferreccio Readi, Fresia Catterina; Lazo Bravo, Mariana Carolina; Roblero Cum, Juan Pablo; Cotter, Thomas G.; Kulkarni ,Anand V.; Kim, Won; Brahmania, Mayur; Louvet, Alexandre; Tapper, Elliot B.; Dunn, Winston; Simonetto, Douglas; Shah, Vijay H.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Singal, Ashwabi K.; Bataller, Ramón; Arrese Jimenez, Marco Antonio; Arab Verdugo, Juan Pablo
    © 2023 The Author(s)Background & Aims: The long-term impact of alcohol-related public health policies (PHPs) on disease burden is unclear. We aimed to assess the association between alcohol-related PHPs and alcohol-related health consequences. Methods: We conducted an ecological multi-national study including 169 countries. We collected data on alcohol-related PHPs from the WHO Global Information System of Alcohol and Health 2010. Data on alcohol-related health consequences between 2010–2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease database. We classified PHPs into five items, including criteria for low, moderate, and strong PHP establishment. We estimated an alcohol preparedness index (API) using multiple correspondence analysis (0 lowest and 100 highest establishment). We estimated an incidence rate ratio (IRR) for outcomes according to API using adjusted multilevel generalized linear models with a Poisson family distribution. Results: The median API in the 169 countries was 54 [IQR 34.9–76.8]. The API was inversely associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) prevalence (IRR 0.13; 95% CI 0.03–0.60; p = 0.010), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) mortality (IRR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03–0.79; p = 0.025), mortality due to neoplasms (IRR 0.09; 95% CI 0.02–0.40; p = 0.002), alcohol-attributable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (IRR 0.13; 95% CI 0.02–0.65; p = 0.014), and cardiovascular diseases (IRR 0.09; 95% CI 0.02–0.41; p = 0.002). The highest associations were observed in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. These associations became stronger over time, and AUD prevalence was significantly lower after 2 years, while ALD mortality and alcohol-attributable HCC incidence decreased after 4 and 8 years from baseline API assessment, respectively (p <0.05). Conclusions: The API is a valuable instrument to quantify the robustness of alcohol-related PHP establishment. Lower AUD prevalence and lower mortality related to ALD, neoplasms, alcohol-attributable HCC, and cardiovascular diseases were observed in countries with a higher API. Our results encourage the development and strengthening of alcohol-related policies worldwide. Impact and implications: We first developed an alcohol preparedness index, an instrument to assess the existence of alcohol-related public policies for each country. We then evaluated the long-term association of the country's alcohol preparedness index in 2010 with the burden of chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, other neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease. The strengthening of alcohol-related public health policies could impact long-term mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and liver disease. These conditions are the main contributors to the global burden of disease related to alcohol use. Over time, this association has not only persisted but also grown stronger. Our results expand the preliminary evidence regarding the importance of public health policies in controlling alcohol-related health consequences.
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    Disparities in steatosis prevalence in the United States by Race or Ethnicity according to the 2023 criteria
    (2024) Díaz, Luis Antonio; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Fuentes López, Eduardo; Idalsoaga Ferrer, Francisco Javier; Ayares Campos, Gustavo Ignacio; Desaleng, Hailemichael; Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn; Cotter, Thomas G.; Dunn, Winston; Barrera, Francisco; Wijarnpreecha, Karn; Noureddin, Mazen; Alkhouri, Naim; Singal, Ashwani K.; Wong, Robert J.; Younossi, Zobair M.; Rinella, Mary E.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Bataller, Ramon; Loomba, Rohit; Arrese Jiménez, Marco; Arab Verdugo, Juan Pablo
    © The Author(s) 2024.Introduction: The 2023 nomenclature defined criteria for steatotic liver disease (SLD), including metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD (MASLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and the overlapping MASLD/ALD (MetALD). We aimed to assess racial and ethnic disparities in the SLD prevalence among United States (US) adults based on this new nomenclature. Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional study employing the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. We identified SLD according to a controlled attenuation parameter ≥288 dB/m, liver stiffness ≥7.2 kPa, or elevated aminotransferase levels. Alcohol use thresholds were established according to the updated SLD definition. We estimated prevalences using the complex design of the NHANES survey. Multivariable logistic regressions with complex design weights were employed. Results: A total of 5532 individuals are included. The mean age is 45.4 years, and 50.9% are women. The adjusted estimated prevalence of MASLD is 42.4% (95% CI: 41.1–43.8%), MetALD 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3–2.0%), and ALD 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3–0.8%). Hispanics exhibit a higher prevalence of SLD, but there are no significant differences in advanced fibrosis prevalence due to SLD among racial/ethnic groups. In MASLD, men, individuals aged 40–64 and ≥65 years, Hispanics, those with health insurance, higher BMI, diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or use of lipid-lowering agents are independently associated with a higher risk, while Blacks have the lowest risk. In MetALD, men and higher BMI are independently associated with a higher risk of MetALD in adjusted multivariable analysis. In ALD, the adjusted multivariable analysis shows that only health insurance is independently associated with a lower ALD risk. Conclusions: MASLD prevalence is high in the US, especially in men, older individuals, and Hispanics. MetALD and ALD prevalence was substantial but could be underestimated.
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    Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020) Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi, Mohammad; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abedi, Aidin; Abedi, Parisa; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Aboyans, Victor; Abrams, Elissa M.; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu Gharbieh, Eman; Abu Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adabi, Maryam; Adair, Tim; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshari, Mahdi; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie E.; Agarwal, Gina; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aghaali, Mohammad; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alema, Niguse Meles; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad; Almasi, Ali; Almasi Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis Guzman, Nelson; Alvis Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amare, Bekalu; Amini, Saeed; Amini Rarani, Mostafa; Aminorroaya, Arya; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Androudi, Sofia; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari, Iman; Ansari Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Aripov, Timur; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi Pooya, Ali A.; Asgari, Samaneh; Asghari, Babak; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atre, Sachin R.; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Getie Lake; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Azhar, Gulrez; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bagli, Eleni; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balachandran, Arun; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Balalla, Shivanthi; Balassyano, Shelly; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bannick, Marlena S.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Bante, Simachew Animen; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Barzegar, Akbar; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Bayisa Abdissa; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bejot, Yannick; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye; Bell, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bender, Rose G.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benziger, Catherine P.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bibi, Sadia; Biehl, Molly H.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisanzio, Donal; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bjorge, Tone; Bockarie, Moses John; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Boon Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brauer, Michael; Brayne, Carol; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Breusov, Alexey V.; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Brugha, Traolach; Bryazka, Dana; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cahill, Leah E.; Cahuana Hurtado, Lucero; Cai, Tianji; Callender, Charlton S. K. H.; Camera, Luis Alberto; Campos Nonato, Ismael R.; Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano; Cao, Jackie; Car, Josip; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castle, Chris D.; Castro, Emma; Castro, Franz; Catala Lopez, Ferran; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chalek, Julian; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Alex R.; Chang, Angela Y.; Chang, Jung Chen; Chang, Kai Lan; Charan, Jaykaran; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chirinos Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Cislaghi, Beniamino; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Collins, Emma L.; Comfort, Haley; Compton, Kelly; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Owen R.; Corso, Barbara; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cowie, Benjamin C.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Croneberger, Andrew J.; Cross, Di H.; Cross, Marita; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Cruz, Jessica A.; Cummins, Steven; Cunningham, Matthew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Haijiang; Dai, Hancheng; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; D'Amico, Emanuele; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna Karin; Gela, Jiregna Darega; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan Walter; Dean, Frances E.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Deen, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova Gutierrez, Edgar; Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Desalew, Assefa; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Deuba, Keshab; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Dichgans, Martin; Didarloo, Alireza; Dingels, Zachary V.; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dolecek, Christiane; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Chirag P.; Doshi, Pratik P.; Doshmangir, Leila; Douiri, Abdel; Doxey, Matthew C.; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Dunachie, Susanna J.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Emmons Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandari, Khalil; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Fanzo, Jessica; Farag, Tamer; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraj, Anwar; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Flohr, Carsten; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Fornari, Carla; Foroutan, Masoud; Fox, Jack T.; Francis, Joel Msafiri; Frank, Tahvi D.; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fukutaki, Kai; Fuller, John E.; Fullman, Nancy; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gebremeskel, Leake G.; Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Giampaoli, Simona; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gillum, Richard F.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Glagn, Mustefa; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goren, Emily; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gorman, Taren M.; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Goudarzi, Houman; Goudarzian, Amir Hossein; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudi, Nachiket; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gultie, Teklemariam; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Sharan, Subodh; Gupta, Tarun; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hachinski, Vladimir; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Haj Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hamilton, Erin B.; Hammer, Melanie S.; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Harvey, James D.; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hashemian, Maryam; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Henny, Kiana; Henok, Andualem; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Ho, Hung Chak; Hoek, Hans W.; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hollingsworth, Bruce; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hsieh, Vivian Chia Rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Hugo, Fernando N.; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Rabia; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, MdMohaimenul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jadidi Niaragh, Farhad; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joshi, Ankur; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamath, Aruna M.; Kamiab, Zahra; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karanikolos, Marina; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Karimi, Seyed Asaad; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keddie, Suzanne H.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khang, Young Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khundkar, Roba; Kianipour, Neda; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knight, Megan; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Koh, David S. Q.; Kohler, Stefan; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korotkova, Anna V.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotlo, Anirudh; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Shaji, K. S.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, Vivek; Kumaresh, Girikumar; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Ben Lacey; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lam, Jennifer O.; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lansky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lau, Kathryn Mei Ming; Lauriola, Paolo; Lavados, Pablo M.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leal, Lisiane F.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Leever, Andrew T.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewington, Sarah; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee Ling; Lin, Christine; Lin, Ro Ting; Linehan, Christine; Linn, Shai; Listl, Stefan; Liu, Hung Chun; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Yang; Liu, Zichen; Lo, Justin; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lu, Alton; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Jianing; Machado, Daiane Borges; MacLachlan, Jennifer H.; Madadin, Mohammed; Maddison, Emilie R.; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Mai, Hue Thi; Majeed, Azeem; Malagon Rojas, Jeadran N.; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Amir; Manafi, Navid; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Massano, Joao; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; May, Erin A.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Mckee, Martin; Medina Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda; Mekonnen, Teferi; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mengesha, Meresa Berwo; Mensah, George A.; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Milne, George J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl; Mohammadian Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Bandpei, Mohammad A. Mohseni; Mokari, Amin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momen, Natalie C.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi Joo, Mohammad; Moradi Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado da Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Mumford, John Everett; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabavizadeh, Behnam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naik, Gurudatta; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Nandi, Anita K.; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Neupane, Subas; Ngari, Kiirithio N.; Nguefack Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Diep Ngoc; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Jason; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Ming; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nichols, Emma; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei; Nowak, Christoph; Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene; Nunez Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Oh, In Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Orji, Aislyn U.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortega Altamirano, Doris V.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Oiu, Adrian O.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Section, Mahesh P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Pakshir, Keyvan; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Park, Eun Kee; Park, James; Parmar, Priya G. Kumari; Parry, Charles D. H.; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Jenil R.; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paudel, Sagun; Paulson, Katherine R.; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease, Spencer A.; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Jeevan; Perico, Norberto; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pierce, Maxwell; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Pletcher, Martin; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Polibin, Roman V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J.; Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza; Pourshams, Akram; Poznanska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, Sanjay; Prakash, V.; Prasad, Narayan; Preotescu, Liliana; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi Movaghar, Afarin; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranta, Annemarei; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rastogi, Prateek; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Boston, Sofia; Regassa, Lemma Demissie; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Robalik, Toshana; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Roberts, Shaun; Robinson, Stephen R.; Rodriguez Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Rolfe, Sam; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostamian, Morteza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Saeidi, Shahram; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Zahabi, Saleh Salehi; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R.; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salz, Inbal; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Savic, Miloje; Sawyer, Susan M.; Saxena, Deepak; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Sbarra, Alyssa N.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Seedat, Soraya; Sekerija, Mario; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Servan Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Shabani, Mahsima; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharafi, Zeinab; Sharara, Fablina; Sharifi, Hamid; Sharma, Rajesh; Shaw, David H.; Sheena, Brittney S.; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shrime, Mark G.; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simonetti, Biagio; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T.; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, Amanda; Smith, Emma U. R.; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soheili, Amin; Sokhan, Anton; Soltani, Shahin; Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. 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M.; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Zodpey, Sanjay; Lim, Stephen S.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Global Burden Dis 2019
    Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hotez, Peter J.; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Soe; Huang, John J.; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; James, Spencer L.; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Praikash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jonnagaddala, Jitendra; Shushtari, Zahra Jorjoran; Joshi, Ankur; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kar, Chittaranjan; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Dessalegn H.; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazemi, Zhila; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keighobadi, Masoud Masoud; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemmer, Laura; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaei, Behzad; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Khan, Ejaz Ahnead; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khater, Mona M.; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A.; Kidanemariam, Zelalem Teklemariam; Kiirithio, Daniel N.; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yon Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotsakis, Georgios A.; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Krohn, Kristopher J.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kuzin, Igor; Lad, Deepesh P.; Lad, Sheetal D.; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Itansingh, Van C.; Latifi, Arman; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Leigh, James; Leili, Mostafa; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liao, Yu; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S.; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Stefan; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T.; Maddison, Emilie R.; Madotto, Fabiana; Maghavani, Dhaval P.; Hue Thi Mai; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manda, Ana-Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana Maria Mantilla; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marcenes, Wagner; Marks, Ashley; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Marz, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B.; Massano, Joao; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Manu Raj; Maulik, Pallab K.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; McMahon, Brian J.; Mehata, Suresh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Mehta, Varshil; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekonen, Tesfa; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A.; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Temislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Millear, Anoushka I.; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mitiku, Habtamu; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Mohammed A.; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Montanez, Julio Cesar; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Mahmoudreza; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Moschos, Marilita M.; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mruts, Kalayu Brhane; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Muhammed, Oumer Sada; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Muller, Kate; Mumford, John Everett; Murthy, G. V. S.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Nagata, Chie; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta; Najafi, Farid; Hae Sung Nam; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Anh Quynh Nguyen; Nguyen, Grant; Ha Thu Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Huong Thanh Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Nam Ba Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Nichols, Emma; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nixon, Molly R.; Nomura, Shuhei; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine O.; Nyasulu, Peter S.; Odell, Christopher M.; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olagunju, Tinuke O.; Olivares, Pedro R.; Olsen, Helen Elizabeth; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sok King; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Mahesh, P. A.; Pacella, Rosana; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, James; Parry, Charles D. H.; Parsian, Hadi; Pasdar, Yahya; Patel, Shanti; Patil, Snehal T.; Patle, Ajay; Patton, George C.; Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao; Paudel, Deepak; Paulson, Katherine R.; Pearce, Neil; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petzold, Max; Hai Quang Pham; Phillips, Michael R.; Pigott, David M.; Pillay, Julian David; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Polinder, Suzanne; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, Swayam; Prakash, V.; Prasad, Narayan; Purcell, Caroline A.; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D. Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi, Zohreh; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad Ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ranjan, Pnabhat; Rao, Puja C.; Rasella, Davide; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reddy, K. Srinath; Reiner, Robert C.; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satar; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Robinson, Stephen R.; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Sadat, Nafis; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mahdi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Saleem, Zikria; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salvi, Sundeep Santosh; Salz, Inbal; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joso Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M. Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R.; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Schaeffner, Elke; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione J. C.; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Scott, James G.; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shahbazi, Mehdi; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, Mohammadbagher; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharif, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Jayendra; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shiue, Ivy; Shokoohinia, Yalda; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shoman, Haitham; Shrime, Mark G.; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Sibai, Abla Mehio; Siddiqi, Tariq J.; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skirbekk, Vegard; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, David L.; Smith, Mari; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Sposato, Luciano A.; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Starodubov, Vladimir I.; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J.; Stokes, Mark A.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Subart, Michelle L.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sulo, Gerhard; Sunguya, Bruno F.; Sur, Patrick John; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylaja, P. N.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Szoeke, Cassandra E. I.; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Hugh R.; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Teikelemedhin, Shishay Wandey; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temsah, Mohamad-Hari; Temsah, Omar; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Tessema, Belay; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Theis, Andrew; Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish; Thomas, Nihal; Tilahun, Binyam; To, Quyen G.; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Torre, Anna E.; Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Troeger, Christopher E.; Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel; Tsoi, Derrick; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna; Ullah, Irfan; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Updike, Rachel L.; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Vaezi, Afsane; Valdez, Pascual R.; Vanavikova, Elena; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Villafaina, Santos; Violante, Francesco S.; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vosoughi, Kia; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G.; Weiss, Daniel J.; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; West, T. Eoin; Westerman, Ronny; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Widecka, Justyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Williams, Hywel C.; Wilner, Lauren B.; Wilson, Shadrach; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiyeh, Alison B.; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Woolf, Anthony D.; Wyper, Grant M. A.; Xavier, Denis; Xu, Gelin; Yadgir, Simon; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yan, Lijing L.; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahim M.; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zadnik, Vesna; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zandian, Hamed; Zar, Heather J.; Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew; Zipkin, Ben; Zhou, Maigeng; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zucker, Inbar; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna; Murray, Christopher J. L.; GBD 2017 DALYs &; HALE Coll
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018) James, Spencer L. G.; Abate, Degu; Abate, Kalkidan Hessen; Abay, Solomon M.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdela, Jemal; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abebe, Zegeye; Abera, Semaw F.; Abil, Olifan Zewdie; Abraha, Haftom Niguse; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Acharya, Dilaram; Acharya, Pawan; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adib, Mina G.; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshin, Ashkan; Agarwal, Gina; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aichour, Amani Nidhal; Aichour, Ibtihel; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akseer, Nadia; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alahdab, Fares; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Tahiya; Alashi, Alaa; Alavian, Seyed Moayed; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Alouani, Mohamed M. L.; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Aminde, Leopold N.; Ammar, Walid; Amoako, Yaw Ampem; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Animut, Megbaru Debalkie; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Anwari, Palwasha; Arabloo, Jalal; Arauz, Antonio; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arora, Amit; Artaman, Al; Aryal, Krishna K.; Asayesh, Hamid; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Ataro, Zerihun; Atre, Sachin R.; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A.; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beanie Paulina Ayala; Ayer, Rakesh; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Babazadeh, Arefeh; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Ballesteros, Katherine E.; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Matter; Banstola, Amrit; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Bejot, Yannick; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Belay, Yihalem Abebe; Bel, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Beuran, Mircea; Beyranvand, Tina; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bililign, Nigus; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shandaat; Bisanzio, Donal; Blacker, Brigette F.; Blyth, Fiona M.; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R.; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Brainin, Michael; Brant, Luisa C.; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Audrey Nikolaevich; Britton, Gabrielle; Brugha, Traolach; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Cano, Jorge; Cardenas, Rosario; Carrero, Juan J.; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Chang, Alex R.; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chang, Jung-Chen; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chin, Ken Lee; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Choi, Jee-Young J.; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Claro, Rafael M.; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Cooper, Cyrus; Coresh, Josef; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortinovis, Monica; Costa, Megan; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Cross, Marita; Crump, John A.; Dadi, Abel Fekadu; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargan, Paul I.; Daryani, Ahmad; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye; Davey, Gail; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Courten, Barbora; De La Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Degefa, Meaza Girma; Degenhardt, Louisa; Deiparine, Selina; Dellavalle, Robert P.; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Jarlais, Don C. Des; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Dey, Subhojit; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doan, Linh; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dorsey, E. Ray; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre R.; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ebrahimpour, Soheil; Echko, Michelle Marie; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Bcheraoui, Charbel; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El-Khatib, Ziad; Elkout, Hajer; Elvazar, Iqbal R. F.; Enayati, Ahmadali; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Er, Benjamin; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fakhim, Hamed; Omrani, Vahid Fallah; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Farid, Talha A.; Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L.; Fentahun, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Joao C.; Ferrari, Alice J.; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Foreman, Kyle J.; Fox, Jack; Frank, Tahvi D.; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Furst, Thomas; Furtado, Joao M.; Futran, Neal D.; Gall, Seana; Ganji, Morsaleh; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Ghimire, Mamata; Ghosh, Rakesh; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Giampaoli, Simona; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorman, Taren M.; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grams, Morgan E.; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C.; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gyawali, Bishal; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast; Hagos, Tekleberhan B.; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Handal, Alexis J.; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hao, Yuantao; Harb, Hilda L.; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hawley, Caitlin N.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar; Heibati, Behzad; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Huong Thanh Hoang; Hoek, Hans W.; Hoffman, Howard J.; Hole, Michael K.; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaeia; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hotez, Peter J.; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Soe; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J.; Humh, Chantal K.; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Ileanu, Bogdan; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Sharifhl; Islami, Farhad; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jahangiry, Lena; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jalkovnevic, Mihajlo; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kanchan, Tanuj; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behead Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Dessalegn H.; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keighobadi, Masoud Masoud; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemmer, Laura; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaei, Behzad; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A.; Kiirithio, Daniel N.; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Pauline; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kivimaki, Mika; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotsakis, Georgios A.; Koul, Pareaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kristopher J.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; Lad, Deepesh P.; Lad, Sheetal D.; Iofranconi, Alessandra; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lansingh, Van C.; Latifi, Arman; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Leigh, James; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Liao, Yu; Liben, Misgan Ingesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S.; Liu, Shiwei; Lodha, Rakesh; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Low, Nicola; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lucchesi, Lydia R.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Stefan; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T.; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razelk, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammad Magdy; Maghavani, Dhaval P.; Malootra, Narayan Bahadur; Mai, Hue Tin; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manda, Ana-Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Manhertz, Treh; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marcenes, Wagner; Marks, Ashley; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Maerz, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B.; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Mann Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Cohn; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala Vi; Mehta, Varshil; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekonen, Tesfa; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Meltzer, Michele; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A.; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Millear, Anoushka I.; Miller, Ted R.; Miltz, Benjamin; Mini, G. K.; Mirarefin, Mojde; Minakhimov, Erkin M.; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mitiku, Habtamu; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Mohammed A.; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Moitra, Modhurima; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moodley, Yoshan; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Moschos, Marilita M.; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mruts, Kalayu Brhane; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mohammed, Oumer Sada; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Muller, Kate; Mumford, John Everett; Murhekar, Manoj; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Nagata, Chie; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Atiya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Guntdatta; Naik, Nitish; Najah, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nam, Hae Sung; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Anh Quynh Nguyen; Ha Thu Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Huong Thanh Nguyen; Long Hoang, Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Nam Ba Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Nichols, Emma; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nixon, Molly R.; Nolutshungu, Nomonde; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine; Nyasulu, Peter S.; Odell, Christopher M.; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olagunju, Tinuke O.; Olivares, Pedro R.; Olsen, Helen Elizabeth; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sok King; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Mahesh, P. A.; Pacella, Rosana; Pakpour, Amin H.; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Parisi, Andrea; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles D. H.; Patel, Shanti; Pati, Sanghamitra; Paint, Snehal T.; Patle, Ajay; Patton, George C.; Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao; Paulson, Katherine R.; Pearce, Neil; Pereira, David M.; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Pigott, David M.; Pillay, Julian David; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, Swayam; Prakash, V.; Purcell, Caroline A.; Purwar, Manorama B.; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D. Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad Ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ram, Usha; Ranjan, Prabhat; Ranta, Anna; Rao, Puja C.; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reddy, K. Srinath; Reiner, Robert C.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satar; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Robinson, Stephen R.; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Roth, Gregory A.; Roy, Ambuj; Rubagotti, Enrico; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Sadat, Nafis; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mahdi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Saleem, Komal; Saleem, Zikria; Salimi, Yahya; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salvi, Sundeep Santosh; Sale, Inbal; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sang, Yingying; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M. Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R.; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Schaeffner, Elke; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione J. C.; Schoettker, Ben; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Scott, James G.; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shahbazi, Mehdi; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, Mohammadbagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharif, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Meenakshi; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shishani, Kawkab; Shiue, Ivy; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shoman, Haitham; Shrime, Mark G.; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq J.; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Einini; Slepak, Erica Leigh N.; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, David L.; Smith, Mari; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Bade Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soneji, Samir S.; Soofi, Moslem; Soosaraei, Masoud; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Sposato, Luciano A.; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J.; Stokes, Mark A.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Subart, Michelle L.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sunguya, Bruno F.; Sur, Patrick John; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Hugh R.; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temesgen, Habtamu; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Omar; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thomas, Nihal; Tilahun, Binyam; To, Quyen G.; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna F.; Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Troeger, Christopher E.; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K.; Tsoi, Derrick; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tuzcu, E. Murat; Ukwaja, Kingsley N.; Ullah, Irfan; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Unutzer, Jurgen; Updike, Rachel L.; Usman, Muhammad Sharig; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Vaezi, Afsane; Valdez, Pascual R.; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Villafaina, Santos; Violante, Francesco S.; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vosoughi, Kia; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw; Waheed, Yasir; Waller, Stephen G.; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G.; Weiss, Daniel J.; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; West, T. Eoin; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Widecka, Justyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wilner, Lauren B.; Wilson, Shadrach; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiyeh, Alison B.; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Woolf, Anthony D.; Wu, Shouling; Wu, Yun-Chun; Wyper, Grant M. A.; Xavier, Denis; Xu, Gelin; Yadgir, Simon; Yadollahpour, Ali; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yan, Lijing L.; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahim M.; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zadnik, Vesna; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zare, Zohreh; Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw; Zenebe, Zerihun Menikalew; Zhang, Kai; Zhao, Zheng; Zhou, Maigeng; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zucker, Inbar; Vos, Theo; Murray, Christopher J. L.
    Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.
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    Implementation of a liver health check in people with type 2 diabetes
    (2024) Abeysekera, Kushala W. M.; Valenti, Luca; Younossi, Zobair; Dillon, John F.; Allen, Alina M.; Noureddin, Mazen; Rinella, Mary E.; Tacke, Frank; Francque, Sven; Gines, Pere; Thiele, Maja; Newsome, Philip N.; Guha, Indra Neil; Eslam, Mohammed; Schattenberg, Joern M.; Alqahtani, Saleh A.; Arrese, Marco; Berzigotti, Annalisa; Holleboom, Adriaan G.; Caussy, Cyrielle; Cusi, Kenneth; Roden, Michael; Hagstroem, Hannes; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Mallet, Vincent; Castera, Laurent; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Tsochatzis, Emmanuel A.
    As morbidity and mortality related to potentially preventable liver diseases are on the rise globally, early detection of liver fibrosis offers a window of opportunity to prevent disease progression. Early detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease allows for initiation and reinforcement of guidance on bodyweight management, risk stratification for advanced liver fibrosis, and treatment optimisation of diabetes and other metabolic complications. Identification of alcohol-related liver disease provides the opportunity to support patients with detoxification and abstinence programmes. In all patient groups, identification of cirrhosis ensures that patients are enrolled in surveillance programmes for hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension. When considering early detection strategies, success can be achieved from applying ad-hoc screening for liver fibrosis in established frameworks of care. Patients with type 2 diabetes are an important group to consider case findings of advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as up to 19% have advanced fibrosis (which is ten times higher than the general population) and almost 70% have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, patients with type 2 diabetes with alcohol use disorders have the highest proportion of liver-related morbidity of people with type 2 diabetes generally. Patients with type 2 diabetes receive an annual diabetes review as part of their routine clinical care, in which the health of many organs are considered. Yet, liver health is seldom included in this review. This Viewpoint argues that augmenting the existing risk stratification strategy with an additional liver health check provides the opportunity to detect advanced liver fibrosis, thereby opening a window for early interventions to prevent end-stage liver disease and its complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma
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    Racial and ethnic disparities in the natural history of alcohol-associated liver disease in the United States
    (WILEY, 2024) Ayares Campos, Gustavo Ignacio; Diaz Piga, Luis Antonio; Fuentes Lopez, Eduardo; Idalsoaga Ferrer, Francisco Javier; Cotter, Thomas G.; Dunn, Winston; Simonetto, Douglas; Shah, Vijay H.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Bataller, Ramon; Arrese, Marco; Wong, Robert J.; Singal, Ashwani K.; Arab, Juan Pablo
    Background: Outcomes in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are influenced by several race and ethnic factors, yet its natural history across the continuum of patients in different stages of the disease is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of U.S. adults from 2011 to 2018, using three nationally representative databases to examine potential disparities in relevant outcomes among racial and ethnic groups. Our analysis included logistic and linear regressions, along with competing risk analysis.ResultsBlack individuals had the highest daily alcohol consumption (12.6 g/day) while Hispanic participants had the largest prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (33.5%). In a multivariable-adjusted model, Hispanic and Asian participants were independently associated with a higher ALD prevalence compared to Non-Hispanic White interviewees (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8 and OR: 1.5 95% CI:1.1-2.0, respectively), while Blacks participants had a lower ALD prevalence (OR: .7 95% CI: .6-.9), and a lower risk of mortality during hospitalization due to ALD (OR: .83 95% CI: .73-.94). Finally, a multivariate competing-risk analysis showed that Hispanic ethnicity had a decreased probability of liver transplantation if waitlisted for ALD (SHR: .7, 95% CI: .6-.8) along with female Asian population (HR: .40, 95% CI: .26-.62).ConclusionsAfter accounting for key social and biological health determinants, the Hispanic population showed an increased risk of ALD prevalence, even with lower alcohol consumption. Additionally, Hispanic and Asian female patients had reduced access to liver transplantation compared to other enlisted patients., image
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    Socio-economic association of alcohol use disorder and cardiovascular and alcohol-associated liver disease from 2010 to 2019
    (2024) Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn; Chen, Vincent L.; Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn; Auttapracha, Thanida; Kongarin, Siwanart; Ng, Cheng Han; Duangsonk, Kwanjit; Muthiah, Mark D.; Sukphutanan, Banthoon; Sim, Benedix; Huang, Daniel Q.; Seko, Yuya; Lee, Brian P.; Takahashi, Hirokazu; Noureddin, Mazen; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Diaz, Luis Antonio; Arab, Juan Pablo; Mellinger, Jessica Leigh; Liangpunsakul, Suthat; Wijarnpreecha, Karn
    Backgrounds and AimsAlcohol use leads to disabilities and deaths worldwide. It not only harms the liver but also causes alcohol use disorder (AUD) and heart disease. Additionally, alcohol consumption contributes to health disparities among different socio-economic groups.MethodsWe estimated global and regional trends in the burden of AUD, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease from alcohol using the methodology of the Global Burden of Disease study.ResultsIn 2019, the highest disability-adjusted life years rate per 100,000 population was due to AUD (207.31 [95% Uncertainty interval (UI) 163.71-261.66]), followed by alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) (133.31 [95% UI 112.68-156.17]). The prevalence rate decreased for AUD (APC [annual percentage change] -0.38%) and alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy (APC -1.85%) but increased for ALD (APC 0.44%) and liver cancer (APC 0.53%). Although the mortality rate for liver cancer from alcohol increased (APC 0.30%), mortality rates from other diseases decreased. Between 2010 and 2019, the burden of alcohol-associated complications increased in countries with low and low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI), contributing more significantly to the global burden.ConclusionThe global burden of AUD, liver, and cardiovascular disease has been high and increasing over the past decade, particularly for liver complications. Lower SDI countries are contributing more to this global burden. There is a pressing need for effective strategies to address this escalating burden.