Browsing by Author "Irarrazaval, Felipe"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Adaptation to the climate change and management of natural risks: searching for synthesis in urban planning
    (PONTIFICA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST GEOGRAFIA, 2016) Barton, Jonathan R.; Irarrazaval, Felipe
    Since the late 1980s, a new vocabulary associated with concerns about climate change has emerged. Nevertheless, this article argues that the concepts used to describe urban adaptation are a part of the history of urban planning. Consequently, climate change should not be seen as a new phenomenon disconnected from this past. By means of a historically contextualized conceptual discussion and a review of urban planning instruments used to address climate change in Chile, the article argues that climate change has been central to urban planning and that the emphasis on climate change is no more than a reaffirmation of this connection built on the concept of 'urban risk'. It concludes that an integrated and historically contextualized approach based on urban risk should form the basis to the response within the framework of the National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2014) in conjunction with the National Urban Development Policy (2014).
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    Extractivism beyond territory: Examining the socio-spatial relations of the natural gas industry in Peru and Bolivia
    (UNIV BARCELONA, DEPT GEOGRAFIA HUMANA, 2021) Irarrazaval, Felipe
    The Latin American literature about 'extractivism' has shown the spatial contradictions of the development models based on the extensive and intensive appropriation of natural resources. The core spatial concept of such a literature has been the territory. From such a concept, the literature addresses the state, to examine the organization of the resource-dependent development model, and the local resistances to show the varieties of communitarian practices and local projects of resource governance. Whereas these concepts have highlighted the territorial dimension of the extractivismo, there are manifold socio-spatial processes that underpin the geographical assemblage of extractivismo that ask for a more dynamic a relational spatial examination. This paper progresses in such a direction by analyzing the socio-spatial dynamics in which hydrocarbon industry stands in Peru. More specifically, by researching the interactions between production networks and their territorial embeddedness, and the production of scalar regimes of natural gas rents within extractives states.
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    From crisis to stability and back again: the fragility of environmental governance in the Chilean salmon industry
    (ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021) Bustos Gallardo, Beatriz; Irarrazaval, Felipe
    In the last two decades, the 2008 Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) virus and the 2016 algal blooms crises have placed the Chilean salmon industry at risk and tested the capacity of its governance mechanisms to solve environmental and economic contradictions and ensure the industry's continuity and its sustainability. Although in the 2008 crisis the state redefined mechanisms of property, control and access to natural resources to strengthen the resilience of the salmon industry, the lessons learned by the system and the community between one crisis and the next were not enough to avoid a new crisis. Chile's existing governance mechanisms are reactive and not proactive and, therefore, their capacity to lead the industry towards long-term sustainable practices is flawed.
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    Mobilising Rents: Natural Gas Production Networks and the Landlord State in Peru and Bolivia
    (WILEY, 2022) Irarrazaval, Felipe
    The ongoing choreography of extractive industries asks for a deeper appraisal about the processes and scales underpinning resource extraction. This paper unpacks how the assembly between natural gas production networks, extractivist states and local politics is anchored in resource peripheries in Peru and Bolivia through contingent schemes of value distribution. From a critical production network approach, the paper examines the transformation of resource peripheries through the transfer of natural gas rents to sub-national governments and, more specifically, through investments in public infrastructure. Such investments embed natural gas production networks to local politics through three processes: providing an image of modernisation and progress; coopting local elites through corruption; and mobilising local labour. In conclusion, the articulation between production networks and extractivist states involves an entangled scheme of rent distribution that flows at very local levels and consolidates multi-scalar arrangements for resource extraction.
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    Trends in household energy-related GHG emissions during COVID-19 in four Chilean cities
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2022) Rojas, Carolina; Simon, Francois; Muniz, Ivan; Quintana, Marc; Irarrazaval, Felipe; Stamm, Caroline; Santos, Benedita; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strongly affected economies and human lifestyles globally. The changes observed in domestic energy consumption patterns have had an impact on household greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since GHG emissions inventories are only available at the country level and at annual intervals, most studies have calculated the local emission variations by extrapolating annual emissions with smaller time and territorial scale consumption data. This research presents a bottom-up method, based on the exploitation of a survey addressed to 1200 households, that provides the information to calculate directly the variation in their energy-related GHG emissions, without the need for extrapolations. This method has been applied to four medium-sized Chilean cities with serious air quality problems. Given the high correlation between atmospheric pollutants such as NOx and CO2 emissions, we estimate that before the appearance of COVID-19, per capita CO2 emissions were already high. The results show that space heating-related GHG emissions have increased moderately (between 1 and 6%), while emissions from electricity and gas consumption for non-heating uses have increased significantly (between 8 and 23%). This has harmed the household economy, highlighting the importance of considering socioeconomic aspects when assessing the impact of COVID-19 in its entirety.