Browsing by Author "Cortés, S."

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    Changes in preterm birth and stillbirth during COVID-19 lockdowns in 26 countries
    (2023) Calvert, C.; Brockway, M.M.; Zoega, H.; Miller, J.E.; Been, J.V.; Amegah, A.K.; Racine-Poon, A.; Oskoui, S.E.; Abok, I.I.; Aghaeepour, N.; Akwaowo, C.D.; Alshaikh, B.N.; Ayede, A.I.; Bacchini, F.; Barekatain, B.; Barnes, R.; Bebak, K.; Berard, A.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Brook, J.R.; Bryan, L.R.; Cajachagua-Torres, K.N.; Campbell-Yeo, M.; Chu, D.-T.; Connor, K.L.; Cornette, L.; Cortés, S.; Daly, M.; Debauche, C.; Dedeke, I.O.F.; Einarsdóttir, K.; Engjom, H.; Estrada-Gutierrez, G.; Fantasia, I.; Fiorentino, N.M.; Franklin, M.; Fraser, A.; Gachuno, O.W.; Gallo, L.A.; Gissler, M.; Håberg, S.E.; Habibelahi, A.; Häggström, J.; Hookham, L.; Hui, L.; Huicho, L.; Hunter, K.J.; Huq, S.; Kc, A.; Kadambari, S.; Kelishadi, R.; Khalili, N.; Kippen, J.; Le Doare, K.; Llorca, J.; Magee, L.A.; Magnus, M.C.; Man, K.K.C.; Mburugu, P.M.; Mediratta, R.P.; Morris, A.D.; Muhajarine, N.; Mulholland, R.H.; Bonnard, L.N.; Nakibuuka, V.; Nassar, N.; Nyadanu, S.D.; Oakley, L.; Oladokun, A.; Olayemi, O.O.; Olutekunbi, O.A.; Oluwafemi, R.O.; Ogunkunle, T.O.; Orton, C.; Örtqvist, A.K.; Ouma, J.; Oyapero, O.; Palmer, K.R.; Pedersen, L.H.; Pereira, G.; Pereyra, I.; Philip, R.K.; Pruski, D.; Przybylski, M.; Quezada-Pinedo, H.G.; Regan, A.K.; Rhoda, N.R.; Rihs, T.A.; Riley, T.; Rocha, T.A.H.; Rolnik, D.L.; Saner, C.; Schneuer, F.J.; Souter, V.L.; Stephansson, O.; Sun, S.; Swift, E.M.; Szabó, M.; Temmerman, M.; Tooke, L.; Urquia, M.L.; von Dadelszen, P.; Wellenius, G.A.; Whitehead, C.; Wong, I.C.K.; Wood, R.; Wróblewska-Seniuk, K.; Yeboah-Antwi, K.; Yilgwan, C.S.; Zawiejska, A.; Sheikh, A.; Rodriguez, N.; Burgner, D.; Stock, S.J.; Azad, M.B.
    Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. Changes in PTB rates, ranging from −90% to +30%, were reported in many countries following early COVID-19 pandemic response measures (‘lockdowns’). It is unclear whether this variation reflects real differences in lockdown impacts, or perhaps differences in stillbirth rates and/or study designs. Here we present interrupted time series and meta-analyses using harmonized data from 52 million births in 26 countries, 18 of which had representative population-based data, with overall PTB rates ranging from 6% to 12% and stillbirth ranging from 2.5 to 10.5 per 1,000 births. We show small reductions in PTB in the first (odds ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.95–0.98, P value <0.0001), second (0.96, 0.92–0.99, 0.03) and third (0.97, 0.94–1.00, 0.09) months of lockdown, but not in the fourth month of lockdown (0.99, 0.96–1.01, 0.34), although there were some between-country differences after the first month. For high-income countries in this study, we did not observe an association between lockdown and stillbirths in the second (1.00, 0.88–1.14, 0.98), third (0.99, 0.88–1.12, 0.89) and fourth (1.01, 0.87–1.18, 0.86) months of lockdown, although we have imprecise estimates due to stillbirths being a relatively rare event. We did, however, find evidence of increased risk of stillbirth in the first month of lockdown in high-income countries (1.14, 1.02–1.29, 0.02) and, in Brazil, we found evidence for an association between lockdown and stillbirth in the second (1.09, 1.03–1.15, 0.002), third (1.10, 1.03–1.17, 0.003) and fourth (1.12, 1.05–1.19, <0.001) months of lockdown. With an estimated 14.8 million PTB annually worldwide, the modest reductions observed during early pandemic lockdowns translate into large numbers of PTB averted globally and warrant further research into causal pathways.
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    Erratum to: First meeting "Cystic echinococcosis in Chile, update in alternatives for control and diagnostics in animals and humans"
    (2016) Álvarez Rojas, Cristián Andrés; Fredes, F.; Torres, M.; Acosta-Jamett, G.; Alvarez, J. F.; Pavletic, C.; Paredes, R.; Cortés, S.
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    Historical exposure to arsenic in drinking water and risk of late fetal and infant mortality - Chile 1950-2005
    (2014) Ríos, P.; Cortés, S.; Villarroel, L.; Ferreccio, C.
    A previous study comparing two Chilean cities demonstrated significant increase in fetal mortality in relation to increase in arsenic (As) exposure. Our aim was to confirm this association increasing size and variation of the comparison group, extending the time interval and measuring additional potential confounders. We used time series analysis of infant mortality indicators. We confirmed the clear excess of risk of late fetal death following the increase of the As concentration in drinking water, and the rapid return to the baseline mortality rate in response to the removal of arsenic after 1973. The effect was lower for neonatal and post-neonatal mortality. This study confirms that fetus is more sensitive to As and that regulations should consider additional protection for pregnant women and small children.
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    Risk factors associated with drug use before imprisonment in Peru
    (2018) Hernández-Vásquez, A.; Núñez, S.; Santero, M.; Grendas, L.; Huarez, B.; Vilcarromero, S.; Casas-Bendezú, M.; Braun, S.; Cortés, S.; Rosselli, D.
    OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of drug abuse before prison admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family history risk factors, according to gender, in prisons of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis was carried out with data from the First National Prisoner Census 2016, using a questionnaire of 173 items that was applied to the whole prison population of Peru. The types of drugs used before admission were analyzed according to characteristics of the penitentiary population, and generalized linear models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to identify possible factors associated with drug use. RESULTS: Out of a population of 76,180 prisoners, 71,184 (93.4%) answered the survey (men 67,071, 94.2%). The overall prevalence of drug consumption before admission was 24.4% (25.3 % in men and 9.1% in women), the highest prevalence in the 18-29 age group (36.3% in men and 14.9% in women). The most commonly used drugs were marijuana (58.2%), coca paste/cocaine or crack (40.3%) and inhalants (1%). The factors most strongly associated with consumption were having a family member who consumed drugs (59.8%), history of previous imprisonment (59.1%), unemployment (48.4%), relationships at school with classmates who had problems with the law (46.9%), background of a family member who attended a penitentiary (38.4%), and history of running away from home before age 15 (35.9%). CONCLUSIONS: In Peru, drug use is higher in the prison population than in the general population, and there are differences according to sex in the prevalence of drug use and associated factors prior to admission to a prison. The study demonstrated that childhood events, such as child abuse, having a family member imprisoned, having a family member who used drugs, or who previously abused alcohol, are factors associated with drug use in the penitentiary population. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, so it is important to consider these in the design of social and health policies focused on specific subpopulations to prevent drug use and crime.