Browsing by Author "Cockle, Kristina L."

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Birds in the web of life: ecology and conservation of nest webs worldwide
    (2018) Cockle, Kristina L.; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás
    Avian communities are comprised of species that interact locally, producing complex networks whose dynamics cannot always be understood or predicted from information at the population level. Globally, more than 1500 species of birds interact around the resource of tree cavities, which they require for nesting or roosting. These cavity-nesting communities are structured in nest webs – interspecific interaction networks that link secondary cavity-nesting species (non-excavators including birds, mammals, and social insects) to the species that provide (trees) or facilitate cavities (woodpeckers and other avian excavators and organisms that promote wood decay). Because the supply of cavities can be limited, and can change dramatically over time and space, nest web structure may determine how cavity-nesting communities respond to perturbation. This symposium will showcase recent progress in the study of cavity-nesting communities as interaction networks, explore how nest webs change across space and time, and propose research and management to improve conservation outcomes for these communities.
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    Changing lenses to understand and manage forest biodiversity: nest webs as Complex Adaptive Systems in the Americas
    (2017) Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Altamirano Oyarzún, Tomás Alberto; Cockle, Kristina L.; Van der Hoek, Yntze; Simard, Suzanne; Bonacic Salas, Cristián; Martin, Kathy
    A single dominant objective (e.g. flagship or threatened species) usually shapes the "lenses" through which biodiversity is assessed and managed in forest ecosystems. However, forests are Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) in which patterns at higher levels emerge from localized networks of many entities (species, guilds) interacting at lower levels. Tree cavity-nesting communities exist within interaction networks known as "nest webs" that link trees, excavators (e.g. woodpeckers), and secondary cavity nesters (e.g. many songbirds, ducks, raptors, and other vertebrates). Despite growing acknowledgement of the importance of using Complex System Science (CSS) by conservation biologists, its application for understanding nest webs is just emerging. We assess the properties of nest webs (heterogeneity, hierarchy, memory, adaptation, and non-linearity) as CAS using situated exemplars from cavity-nesting communities across temperate, subtropical , and tropical forests of the Americas (Chile, Canada, Argentina, Ecuador). Although our nest webs have independent evolutionary histories, structures, and disturbance patterns, they share the main properties of CAS. We show that applying CSS in this context has implications for the usage of new, but also conventional conservation management concepts and practices. Understanding nest webs as CAS will facilitate our ability to view how forest-dwelling cavity nesters self-organize and adapt in the face of rapid changes occurring in forests of the Americas.
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    Ecología de vertebrados que anidan en cavidades de árboles en bosques de Pino Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia) y Pehuén (Araucaria araucana): uso de árboles-nido y redes interespecíficas
    (2016) Cockle, Kristina L.; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Altamirano, Tomás
    Comparar la ecología de fauna de localidades distantes puede ayudar en la búsqueda de patrones generales sobre cómo las especies seleccionan los recursos y cómo las interacciones interespecíficas estructuran a las comunidades. Estudiamos las redes interespecíficas de aves y mamíferos que utilizan cavidades en dos bosques de araucaria separadas por 2200 km y por 13 grados de latitud: la selva subtropical de Pino Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia) (Argentina) y el bosque templado andino de Pehuén (Araucaria araucana) (Chile). En zonas no perturbadas por cosecha forestal, estudiamos 363 nidos o pernoctes en 211 cavidades en Argentina (2006-2015) y 78 nidos o pernoctes en 75 cavidades en Chile (2010-2016). También medimos todos los árboles en 4 parcelas de 1 ha en Argentina y en 90 parcelas de 0,04 ha en Chile. Encontramos 57 especies de aves (28% de la avifauna) y 1 especie de mamífero que anidan en cavidades en la selva de Pino Paraná (Argentina), y 26 especies de aves (51% de la avifauna) y 5 especies de micro-mamíferos en el bosque de Pehuén (Chile). Los nidos y pernoctes ocurrieron en 30 especies de árboles en la selva de Pino Paraná y 2 especies de árboles en el bosque de Pehuén. Los árboles más usados fueron Apuleia leiocarpa (25% de las cavidades usadas en selva de Pino Paraná) y Nothofagus pumilio (81% de las cavidades usadas en bosque de Pehuén). Las araucarias aportaron sólo el 5,7% de las cavidades-nido en la selva de Pino Paraná y ninguna cavidad-nido en el bosque de Pehuén, aunque las araucarias correspondieron al 2% y el 15% de los árboles >30 cm de diámetro (a altura del pecho) en estos bosques, respectivamente. En ambos bosques, las aves no-excavadoras dependieron principalmente de cavidades no-excavadas (97% en selva de Pino Paraná; 88% en bosque de Pehuén). Aunque ambos bosques de Araucaria albergan una alta riqueza de vertebrados que anidan en cavidades, las araucarias en sí no tendrían un rol muy importante en la provisión de cavidades, debido a su escasez (en la selva de Pino Paraná) y su bajo potencial de generación de cavidades (en ambos sitios). Por el contrario, los árboles que se asocian a las araucarias, especialmente A. leiocarpa en la selva de Pino Paraná y N. pumilio en los Andes, serían claves como base de una compleja red de nidificación de aves y mamíferos
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    Maintaining ecosystem resilience: functional responses of tree cavity nesters to logging in temperate forests of the Americas
    (2017) Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Martin, Michaela; Cockle, Kristina L.; Martin, Kathy
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    Neotropical ornithology: reckoning with historical assumptions, removing systemic barriers, and reimagining the future
    (2023) Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Soares, Letícia; Cockle, Kristina L.; Inzunza, Ernesto Ruela; Miño, Carolina Isabel; Zuluaga, Santiago; Bonaccorso, Elisa; Ríos-Orejuela, Juan Camilo; Montaño-Centellas, Flavia A; Freile, Juan F; Echevery-Galvis, María A; Bonaparte, Eugenia Bianca; Diele-Viegas, Luisa Maria; Speziale, Karina; Cabrera-ruz, Sergio A; Acevedo-Charp, Orlando; Velarde, Enriqueta; Cuatianquiz, Cecilia
    A major barrier to advancing ornithology is the systemic exclusion of professionals from the Global South. A recent special feature, Advances in Neotropical Ornithology, and a shortfalls analysis therein, unintentionally followed a long-standing pattern of highlighting individuals, know ledge, and views from the Global North, while largely omitting the perspectives of people based within the Neotropics. Here, we review current strengths and opportunities in the practice of Neotropical ornithology. Further, we discuss problems with assessing the state of Neotropical ornithology through a northern lens, including discovery narratives, incomplete (and biased) understanding of history and advances, and the pro motion of agendas that, while currently popular in the north, may not fit the needs and realities of Neotropical research. We argue that future ad vances in Neotropical ornithology will critically depend on identifying and addressing the systemic barriers that hold back ornithologists who live and work in the Neotropics: unreliable and limited funding, exclusion from international research leadership, restricted dissemination of know ledge (e.g., through language hegemony and citation bias), and logistical barriers. Moving forward, we must examine and acknowledge the colo nial roots of our discipline, and explicitly promote anti-colonial agendas for research, training, and conservation. We invite our colleagues within and beyond the Neotropics to join us in creating new models of governance that establish research priorities with vigorous participation of orni thologists and communities within the Neotropical region. To include a diversity of perspectives, we must systemically address discrimination and bias rooted in the socioeconomic class system, anti-Blackness, anti-Brownness, anti-Indigeneity, misogyny, homophobia, tokenism, and ableism. Instead of seeking individual excellence and rewarding top-down leadership, institutions in the North and South can promote collective leadership. In adopting these approaches, we, ornithologists, will join a community of researchers across academia building new paradigms that can reconcile our relationships and transform science