Browsing by Author "Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo"
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- ItemAcute effect of dobutamine and amrinone on hemodynamics and splanchnic perfusion in septic shock patients(1999) Hernández, P. Glenn; Gigoux Muller, Jorge Alberto; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo; Castillo Fuenzalida, Luis Benito; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo; Tomicic, Vinko; Dagnino Sepúlveda, Jorge ÁlvaroBackground: Vasoactive drugs used in the reanimation of septic patients, can modify splanchnic perfusion. Aim: To compare the effects of dobutamine and amrinone on gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), lactate levels and hemodynamics in surgical patients with compensated septic shock. Patients and methods: Fourteen postoperative patients with abdominal sepsis and compensated septic shock (pHi < 7.32 or lactate > 2.5 mmol/l) were studied in a prospective, randomized, unblinded study. Patients were randomized to receive (Group 1, n = 7) dobutamine at 5 micrograms/Kg/min or (Group 2, n = 7) amrinone at 5 micrograms/Kg/min. Hemodynamic data, arterial lactate and pHi were measured before and 30, 60 and 120 minutes after starting drug infusion. Results: Both drugs were associated with a decrease in lactate levels. Dobutamine infusion, but not amrinone, increased gastric pHi, as well as cardiac index and oxygen delivery. Conclusions: An improvement in gastric pHi associated with an increase in oxygen delivery, was observed with dobutamine. Amrinone showed no effect at the fixed, low dose used in the study.
- ItemAcute lung injury secondary to hydrochloric acid instillation induces small airway hyperresponsiveness(2021) Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Damiani Rebolledo, Luis Felipe; Bachmann Barron, María Consuelo; Fonseca, Marcelo; Barros, Marisol; Soto Muñoz, Dagoberto Igor; Araos, Joaquin; Jalil Contreras, Yorschua Frederick; Dubo, Sebastian; Retamal, Jaime; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo Jaime; Henriquez, Mauricio; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro RodrigoBackground: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of respiratory failure characterized by altered lung mechanics and poor oxygenation. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness has been reported in ARDS survivors and animal models of acute lung injury. Whether this hyperreactivity occurs at the small airways or not is unknown. Objective: To determine ex-vivo small airway reactivity in a rat model of acute lung injury (ALI) by hydrochloric acid (HCl) instillation. Methods: Twelve anesthetized rats were connected to mechanical ventilation for 4-hour, and randomly allocated to either ALI group (HCl intratracheal instillation; n=6) or Sham (intratracheal instillation of 0.9% NaCl; n=6). Oxygenation was assessed by arterial blood gases. After euthanasia, tissue samples from the right lung were harvested for histologic analysis and wet-dry weight ratio assessment. Precision cut lung slice technique (100-200 pm diameter) was applied in the left lung to evaluate ex vivo small airway constriction in response to histamine and carbachol stimulation, using phase-contrast video microscopy. Results: Rats from the ALI group exhibited hypoxemia, worse histologic lung injury, and increased lung wet-dry weight ratio as compared with the sham group. The bronchoconstrictor responsiveness was significantly higher in the ALI group, both for carbachol (maximal contraction of 84.5 +/- 2.5% versus 61.4 +/- 4.2% in the Sham group, P<0.05), and for histamine (maximal contraction of 78.6 +/- 5.3% versus 49.6 +/- 5.3% in the Sham group, P<0.05). Conclusion: In an animal model of acute lung injury secondary to HCL instillation, small airway hyperresponsiveness to carbachol and histamine is present. These results may provide further insight into the pathophysiologi of ARDS.
- ItemBeta-Lactam Antibiotics Can Be Measured in the Exhaled Breath Condensate in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: a Pilot Study(2023) Escalona Solari, José Antonio; Soto Muñoz, Dagoberto Igor; Oviedo Álvarez, Vanessa Andrea; Rivas Garrido, Elizabeth Alexis; Severino, Nicolás; Kattan Tala, Eduardo José; Andresen Hernández, Max Alfonso; Bravo Morales, Sebastián Ignacio; Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Bachmann Barron, María Consuelo; Kwok-Yin, Wong; Pavez, Nicolás; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo Jaime; Retamal Montes, Jaime AlejandroDifferent techniques have been proposed to measure antibiotic levels within the lung parenchyma; however, their use is limited because they are invasive and associated with adverse effects. We explore whether beta-lactam antibiotics could be measured in exhaled breath condensate collected from heat and moisture exchange filters (HMEFs) and correlated with the concentration of antibiotics measured from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We designed an observational study in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, which required a BAL to confirm or discard the diagnosis of pneumonia. We measured and correlated the concentration of beta-lactam antibiotics in plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and exhaled breath condensate collected from HMEFs. We studied 12 patients, and we detected the presence of antibiotics in plasma, ELF, and HMEFs from every patient studied. The concentrations of antibiotics were very heterogeneous over the population studied. The mean antibiotic concentration was 293.5 (715) ng/mL in plasma, 12.3 (31) ng/mL in ELF, and 0.5 (0.9) ng/mL in HMEF. We found no significant correlation between the concentration of antibiotics in plasma and ELF (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.64), between plasma and HMEF (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.63), or between ELF and HMEF (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.66). We conclude that beta-lactam antibiotics can be detected and measured from the exhaled breath condensate accumulated in the HMEF from mechanically ventilated patients. However, no correlations were observed between the antibiotic concentrations in HMEF with either plasma or ELF.
- ItemEfectos fisiológicos de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva y cánula nasal de alto flujo en el periodo postextubación de pacientes críticamente enfermos con alto riesgo de falla de destete(2024) Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de MedicinaIntroducción: se estima que entre el 10% y el 20% de los pacientes experimentan falla de destete de la ventilación mecánica (VM), incrementándose al 30% en aquellos considerados de alto riesgo. Frente a este escenario, la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) y la cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) son las estrategias que han demostrado ser efectivas para prevenir la falla de destete. Los efectos fisiológicos de ambas podrían diferir lo cual podría tener implicancias para una selección más personalizada del soporte postextubación. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que hayan comparado los efectos fisiológicos de VNI versus CNAF en la fase postextubación.Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de la VNI versus CNAF sobre el trabajo respiratorio, función respiratoria, aireación pulmonar, hemodinamia y estrés cardiovascular, durante el periodo postextubación de pacientes críticamente enfermos con alto riesgo de falla de destete.Método: El estudio corresponde a un ensayo clínico aleatorizado de tipo cruzado en pacientes con VM por más de 48 horas y categorizados con alto riesgo de falla de destete. Durante el estudio los pacientes fueron monitorizados con un catéter esofágico/gástrico y electromiografía de diafragma para evaluar el trabajo respiratorio. Adicionalmente, fueron monitoreados con tomografía por impedancia eléctrica para evaluar cambios en la aireación pulmonar. Postextubación fueron sometidos secuencialmente a VNI y CNAF por una hora en orden aleatorio. Al final de cada periodo de intervención se evaluó trabajo respiratorio, función respiratoria, patrón de ventilación, hemodinamia, NT-ProBNP y troponinas T ultrasensibles.Resultados: La población estudiada (n= 22) presentó una edad 66 [47 – 76] años, con una mediana de conexión a VM 7 [4 - 10] días. El análisis de esfuerzo respiratorio mostró una reducción significativa en el producto presión tiempo (PTP) por minuto y en la variación de presión esofágica (ΔPes) con VNI en comparación con CNAF (90 [63 - 125] vs. 109 [76 - 183] cmH2O.s/min; p= 0,013 y 6,1 [4,0 – 8,1] vs. 7,05 [4,9 – 9,7] cmH2O; p= 0,021, respectivamente). Además, se observó una reducción de frecuencia respiratoria durante el período de VNI (20 [15 - 24] vs. 22 [17 -23]; p= 0,022), un aumento significativo en el volumen corriente (473 ± 153 vs. 371 ± 141 ml; p= 0,001) y en el volumen minuto (9,5 ± 3,1 vs. 8,3 ± 2,8 L/min; p= 0,036) durante el periodo de VNI. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias en el volumen de fin de espiración global (ΔEELV), actividad eléctrica del diafragma, hemodinamia ni en los biomarcadores de estrés cardiovascular. Notablemente, al compararlas con el periodo basal de oxigenoterapia convencional tanto VNI como CNAF demostraron una reducción en el esfuerzo respiratorio, frecuencia respiratoria y un aumento significativo en ΔEELV. Conclusión: Tanto VNI como CNAF producen una marcada disminución del trabajo respiratorio en pacientes con alto riesgo de falla de destete durante la fase postextubación. Sin embargo, el impacto de VNI es superior a la CNAF, particularmente en los pacientes que presentan un mayor nivel de trabajo respiratorio basal. Además, tanto VNI como CNAF inducen un aumento del EELV de magnitud comparable, pero sólo VNI aumenta el volumen corriente y modifica el patrón respiratorio.
- ItemEfectos fisiologicos de las terapias de soporte respiratorio no invasivo y su potencial rol postextubación(2021) Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Jalil Contreras, Yorschua Frederick; Díaz Patino, Orlando Alberto; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro RodrigoPosterior a una extubación programada existe un porcentaje de pacientes que fracasa y requiere reintubación (~20%), este evento es conocido como fracaso de extubación, el cual se asocia con mayor morbimortalidad. Para prevenir el fracaso de extubación se han propuesto terapias como la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) y la cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF). Estas terapias son capaces de entregar soporte respiratorio postextubación y justifican su uso en los efectos fisiológicos que son capaces de inducir, en dónde el impacto sobre el esfuerzo respiratorio e intercambio de gases sería fundamental. Con esta racionalidad fisiológica se han desarrollado diversos estudios en diferentes contextos clínicos, esto con el fin de dilucidar cuál terapia es la mejor alternativa. En esta revisión narrativa pretendemos describir y analizar los diversos efectos fisiológicos que induce la VNI y la CNAF
- ItemMechanical Power of Ventilation: From Computer to Clinical Implications(2023) Damiani Rebolledo, L. Felipe; Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Retamal Montes, Jaime Alejandro; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo JaimeMechanical ventilation is a lifesaving intervention that may also induce further lung injury by exerting excessive mechanical forces on susceptible lung tissue, a phenomenon termed ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The concept of mechanical power (MP) aims to unify in one single variable the contribution of the different ventilatory parameters that could induce VILI by measuring the energy transfer to the lung over time. Despite an increasing amount of evidence demonstrating that high MP values can be associated with VILI development in experimental studies, the evidence regarding the association of MP and clinical outcomes remains controversial. In the present review, we describe the different determinants of VILI, the concept and computation of MP, and discuss the experimental and clinical studies related to MP. Currently, due to different limitations, the clinical application of MP is debatable. Further clinical studies are required to enhance our understanding of the relationship between MP and the development of VILI, as well as its potential impact on clinical outcomes.
- ItemPhysiological effects of high-flow nasal cannula during sustained high-intensity exercise in healthy volunteers: a randomised crossover trial(2024) Moya Gallardo, Eduardo Sebastián; García Valdés, Patricio Hernán; Marambio Coloma, Consuelo Belén; Gutiérrez Escobar, Constanza Isidora; Hernández Vargas, Betsabeth Scarlet; Muñoz Castro, Carolina Andrea; Riquelme Sánchez, Santiago Martin; Moo-Millán, Joel; Basoalto Escobar, Roque Ignacio; Bruhn Cruz, Alejandro Rodrigo; Díaz Patino, Orlando Alberto; Damiani Rebolledo, Luis FelipeIntroductionHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has increased exercise capacity in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. However, it remains unknown whether HFNC impacts respiratory physiological variables during exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of HFNC on respiratory physiological variables during sustained high-intensity exercise in healthy volunteers.MethodsWe performed a single-center, open-label, and randomised crossover trial to compare HFNC (60 L·min−1) and Sham-HFNC (2 L·min−1) interventions during a constant work-rate exercise (CWRET) through randomised order. The primary outcome was ΔPes, and the secondary outcomes were other variables of inspiratory effort, ventilation distribution, ventilatory variables, and clinical assessment. We evaluated volunteers at seven-time points (Baseline= T0; CWRET= T1-T2-T3 (minutes: 1′, 4′ and 6′); Cooldown-period= T4-T5-T6 (minutes: 1′; 6′;10′)) in both interventions.ResultsFourteen healthy volunteers (50% women; age: 22 [21–27] years) were enrolled. Mean differences in ΔPes decreased to favor the HFNC intervention compared to Sham-HFNC at T2 (−2.8 cmH2O; 95%CI −5.3 to −0.3), as well as the sPTPmin at T2 (−86.1 cmH2O×s·min−1;95%CI −146.2 to −26.1), and T3 (−79.9 cmH2O×s·min−1;95%CI −142.3 to −17.6). The standard deviation of the regional ventilation delay index was also lower with HFNC compared to Sham-HFNC (T1: −1.38; 95%CI −1.93 to −0.83; T2: −0.71; 95%CI −1.27 to −0.16). There was decreased dyspnea to favor the HFNC, but sPTP-per-breath, spatial distribution ventilation indexes, ventilatory variables, and clinical assessments were nonsignificant between interventions.ConclusionHFNC intervention reduces respiratory effort, dyspnea and improves temporal ventilation distribution in healthy volunteers during CWRET.