Browsing by Author "Barton, Jonathan Richard"

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    Adaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions
    (MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
    Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.
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    Cuánto consumo supone el bienestar. Una geografía urbana basada en un índice de Sustentabilidad comunal en Chile
    (Scielo, 2023) Gutiérrez Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Barton, Jonathan Richard; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
    In the context of the UN 10-year Framework Programmes on Sustainable Production and Consumption (2012-2022), it is necessary to understand consumption patterns, mainly in urban areas. The municipal geography of consumption establishes a radical change in understanding urban sustainability merely as a challenge of poverty and low consumption. Through an Urban Sustainability Index, we identify patterns that reveal material processes and opportunities for wellbeing and levels of consumption. Focusing on the urban metabolism and indicators of impacts on intergenerational wellbeing, the index shows high levels of consumption in four municipalities and notable gaps in material and social conditions at the national and intra-regional scales. The article presents the municipal geography of wellbeing and consumption in Chile, in order to reveal the condition of urban sustainability to guide improvements in material and social conditions uncoupled from consumption. It also warns of the particular paradoxes of the development process.
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    Foreign direct investment, local development and poverty reduction: the sustainability of the salmon industry in Southern Chile
    (2014) Fløysand, Arnt; Barton, Jonathan Richard; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The rate of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has risen dramatically during the past three decades; developing countries’ inward stock of FDI amounted to about 30 per cent of their GDP in 2009, compared to just 12 per cent in 1980 (UNCTAD 2011). This has led to a great deal of optimism that FDI can provide a potential for economic development and poverty reduction. However, this potential depends on how FDI interacts with the environment in which the investments take place (Lall and Narula 2004, Moran et al. 2005). To discuss these types of interaction, we propose an analytical framework approaching FDI as consisting of capital, actors and knowledge, or what we call the capital–actor–knowledge complex.
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    Localising urban sustainability indicators: the CEDEUS indicator set, and lessons from an expert-driven process
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2020) Steiniger, Stefan; Wagemann, Elizabeth; Barrera Melgarejo, Francisco Javier de la; Molinos Senante, María; Villegas Salgado, Rodrigo Andrés; Fuente, Helen de la; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Arce, Guillermo; Herrera Maldonado, Juan Carlos; Carrasco Montagna, Juan Antonio; Pasten González, Pablo Arturo; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Barton, Jonathan Richard; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The development and application of urban sustainability indicators has gained momentum in recent years, especially since the generation of specific urban indicators for the Agenda 2030. Urban sustainability is a broad concept involving many dimensions, therefore the generation of a short, but comprehensive list of indicators is a significant challenge. In this paper, we present a set of 29 indicators designed to characterise urban sustainability in Chile, which we also expect to be relevant to other cities, particularly in the Global South where issues of poverty and inequality are prevalent. We first outline the process of selecting the indicators through expert consultation. Then we present selected indicators, and the variables used to measure them. Subsequently the set is applied to six Chilean cities that are diverse in terms of population, socio-economic conditions and geography. We show that some indicators highlight negative nationwide trends that are common to the cities, while other indicators reveal notable differences that can be traced back to their local contexts. The CEDEUS indicators provide a complement to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for cities; therefore, a comparison is made with the SDGs. The indicator development process is critically examined and policy recommendations are given.
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    The role of planning policies in promoting urban sprawl in intermediate cities: evidence from Chile
    (MDPI, 2019) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Ramírez, María Inés; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales
    Urban sprawl has been studied principally as a phenomenon produced by a lack of or weakness in urban planning, as a consequence of real estate liberalization. This article examines the Chilean case, and proposes that the state has been the engine of this phenomenon through spatial planning instruments that have both neoliberal and neostructural features, and that are best defined by the concept, new public management. The analysis tracks urban sprawl in four intermediate cities, which have experienced high rates of growth since 2000, using photointerpretation of satellite images between 2003 and 2011, and the creation of a typology to define land uses and housing types. The results show that intermediate cities follow similar trends to the capital city, Santiago, and face similar problems, in particular the concentration of services in the urban core. These similarities are produced by the application of general planning instruments: Article 55 and Decree Law 3516. While most research on urban sprawl focuses on private agency, this article highlights the role of the state in its production. It is therefore relevant to explore the nature of public agency in urban sprawl processes in different metropolitan and intermediate cities, and how planning policies can be adapted to curb the phenomenon.