DSpace Angular :: Browsing by Author "Barton, Jonathan R."

Browsing by Author "Barton, Jonathan R."

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15

A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
(2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
Adaptation to the climate change and management of natural risks: searching for synthesis in urban planning
(PONTIFICA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, INST GEOGRAFIA, 2016) Barton, Jonathan R.; Irarrazaval, Felipe
Since the late 1980s, a new vocabulary associated with concerns about climate change has emerged. Nevertheless, this article argues that the concepts used to describe urban adaptation are a part of the history of urban planning. Consequently, climate change should not be seen as a new phenomenon disconnected from this past. By means of a historically contextualized conceptual discussion and a review of urban planning instruments used to address climate change in Chile, the article argues that climate change has been central to urban planning and that the emphasis on climate change is no more than a reaffirmation of this connection built on the concept of 'urban risk'. It concludes that an integrated and historically contextualized approach based on urban risk should form the basis to the response within the framework of the National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2014) in conjunction with the National Urban Development Policy (2014).
Competition and co-operation in the semi-periphery: closer economic partnership and sectoral transformations in Chile and New Zealand
(WILEY, 2007) Barton, Jonathan R.; Gwynne, Robert N.; Murray, Warwick E.
The signing of a strategic economic partnership (the Trans-Pacific SEP or P4) between Chile, New Zealand, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam in 2005 reveals the emergence of a new generation of trade agreements that seek to promote longer-term synergies and cooperation. This is in marked contrast with a purely competitive, market-based model of agreements whereby economies are opened up to oligopsonistic capital. The orientation is clearly more neostructural and strategic in construction, emphasizing the opportunities within the global economy of improved relations with similarly positioned economies within the semi-periphery. This article analyses both the basis for and implications of the P4 for Chile and New Zealand by looking at three sectors in which both countries are competitive in export markets: dairy, wine and fisheries. By assessing similarities and differences, and the ways in which competition or co-operation might be established, the potential impacts of the agreement can be posited. Within a global context of bilateral and multilateral commercial agreements, it is this type of agreement that perhaps best fits the needs of smaller economies in the periphery that seek to establish greater competitive space for their exports in core economies without engaging in a mutually destructive war of competition in similar sectors and products.
Eco-dependency in Latin America
(WILEY, 2006) Barton, Jonathan R.
This article develops an argument around the perpetuation of socioeconomic development models based on non-renewable natural resource exploitation, weak management and regulation of renewables and the deterioration in environmental quality across different natural resources. It concludes that the structural constraints pointed out during the 1940-80 period by the dependentistas (advocates of the various theorizations of dependency) and to a lesser extent the cepalista structuralists (policy analysts at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) were alive and well in Latin America in the period 1980-2000. A theoretical case is made for the political economy reading of dependency into the realm of natural resources and environmental issues. It is argued that Latin American history and the region's more contemporary insertion into the global political economy has been determined by its use of natural resources and ongoing degradation of diverse environments. The conclusions emphasize the importance of responding to this historical condition, recognizing the concerns of the structuralists of the 1940s and 1950s and the threats highlighted by the dependentistas in the 1970s, but through the lens of contemporary changes.
GROUNDING GEOGRAPHIES OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION: GLOBALISED SPACES IN CHILE'S NON-TRADITIONAL EXPORT SECTOR, 1980-2005
(WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC, 2009) Barton, Jonathan R.; Murray, Warwick E.
The debate around neoliberal globalisation and its impacts on economically peripheral countries has been waged by partisan forces to the right and left since the early 1990s. Much of this debate focuses at the scale of the nation-state, or of the whole globe, and, while often sophisticated in an ideological sense, is scant in terms of consideration of the 'grounded' outcomes of the processes and discourses of globalisation. This paper argues that an appreciation of the contingent economic geography and political economy of any given local and regional transformation is essential for understanding the outcomes of economic globalisation. In order to illustrate this, the paper analyses two regional non-traditional agricultural export (NTAX) complexes in the highly globalised Chilean economy. By focusing on 'hotspots' or 'globalised spaces' at the regional and local scales we are able to cut through the rhetoric associated with generalised arguments for and against economic globalisation and illustrate that both the roots and impacts of the insertion into global commodity complexes are highly geographically contingent. Our analysis concludes that NTAX development in Chile over the past 25 years has radically restructured local and regional economies, has concentrated wealth 'extra-regionally', has exacerbated social differentiation, and threatens environmental sustainability. We argue that policy that seeks to address these trends requires more grounded consideration of the complex and uneven geography of economic globalisation that does not privilege analysis at any one scale and that seeks to elucidate the links between the 'global' and the 'local'.
Land of miracles? A critical analysis of poverty reduction strategies in Chile, 1975-2005
(LIVERPOOL UNIV PRESS, 2009) Murray, Warwick E.; Kousary, Lida; Barton, Jonathan R.
Chile has been lauded as a 'miracle economy' by orthodox development thinkers given its high and virtually uninterrupted economic growth over the past three decades. The social impacts of this economic transformation are controversial, absolute poverty has been reduced considerably, while income inequality has not. This article analyses poverty trends over the last thirty years, paying particular attention to the political approaches that have underpinned alleviation strategies and how these have shifted over time. The key finding of this research is that the radical neoliberal policies and structural adjustment of the 1970s and 1980s during the Pinochet regime had severe negative effects oil the poor and middle class. The transition to democracy and the adoption of neostructuralism has produced considerable reductions in absolute poverty, attributed by supporters to the Concertacion governments' pro-growth economic agenda combined with progressive social policies and innovative institutional reforms enacted in the context of a conducive political environment. Notwithstanding undeniable progress, there remain significant challenges in terms of reducing relative poverty, social exclusion, isolation and vulnerability underpinned by persistently high levels of inequality, a stratified social protection system and a dual tabour market. There are unresolved tensions between the market, social rights and democratic freedoms in the current Chilean model that require resolution if the social achievements of the democratic transition are to be sustained.
Neostructural innovation and directionality in Chilean salmon aquaculture
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2023) Barton, Jonathan R.; Baeza-Gonzalez, Sebastian; Hopp, Joaquin Zenteno; Roman, Alvaro
The recent work of Mariana Mazzucato on the role of public funding in economic development seeks to rebalance debates on innovation to highlight the role of the State, as opposed to the dominant narrative of unregulated private initiative. This is particularly relevant for the case of the Chilean salmon industry where, besides the diffusion of technology and management practices by a combination of international agencies and private initiatives, its boom has been supported by considerable national public funding since the 1970s and especially after the transition to democracy in 1990. In this regard, the main argument of this paper is that the innovation system of the Chilean salmon industry should be understood within a neostructural model of economic development. However, although the State has had an essential role in financing and promoting innovation, we found that it has not served as a guiding entity (directionality) for how innovation should be undertaken. This is important to recognise since it helps to explain why the Chilean salmon industry has been able to direct innovation towards its own economic interests without attending to broader social issues related to its operations, despite this public expenditure. The main conclusion is that, due to the type of knowledge developed and how innovations are valued within the sector's innovation system, the goal is to increase volume, reduce costs, and marginally mitigate negative socio-ecological externalities.
Social Movement Strategies for Articulating Claims for Socio-Ecological Justice: Glocal Asymmetries in the Chilean Forestry Sector
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2012) Barton, Jonathan R.; Roman, Alvaro
Pinochet's 1974 forestry law led to a rapid increase in development of the sector in southern Chile. Although there have been new employment opportunities and associated economic multiplier effects, the negative impacts of the sector, both socially and environmentally, have been widespread and have generated responses from diverse social organisations. Nevertheless, the capacity of these organisations to act collectively and create alliances against the sector's dominant, mainstream actors has been weak. The article argues that different social movements fail to capitalise on horizontal linkages in order to press their claims for socio-ecological justice related to the development of the forestry sector. This is a product of a strong stateindustry link and high concentration in a sector dominated by two firms, a relic of the power geometries established under the dictatorship. Different social movementsunions, environmental NGOs, and indigenous groupsmanifest these concerns about the socio-ecological impacts and make claims against the sector which often lead to direct conflicts. This article focuses how these claims are made, both horizontally among actors within the region, and vertically beyond the region to the national and global scales (glocalisation). Despite developing stronger vertical networks, the movements remain fragmented and marginal relative to the influence of the forestry firms. Given this lack of capacity to generate collective demands, grassroots claims for redistribution and rights protection are severely restricted.
The historical geography of an idea: Sustainable development in Latin America, 1972–2022
(Elsevier, 2024) Álvarez Véliz, Rodrigo Ignacio; Barton, Jonathan R.
This article traces the genealogy of the idea of sustainable development in Latin America. It links perspectives from historical political ecology and the history of ideas to trace authors, conferences and major works that produced and disseminated socio-ecological knowledge relating to sustainable development in the region. Challenging the pretensions of ‘universality’ of this concept, the article presents the formulations of alternative development created by Latin American theorists that were influenced by the socio-political and socio-economic ideas prevalent in the region prior to the Brundtland report, and which established strong ties to issues of justice and rights. The North-South flow of ideas is palpable, however, there was also a South-North flow that enriched and challenged ideas such as the limits to growth through the Latin American World Model and the concept of ‘ecodevelopment’. This allowed for a Latin American construction of sustainable development that was different from other regions, and which eventually led to new formulations such as post-development, buen vivir and neo-extractivism. The article concludes that there were key moments, themes and contexts that led to a particular emphasis on socio-ecological justice that contrasts with ecological modernisation and environmental responsibility conceptual formulations that emerged more strongly in other regions.
Toxic violence in marine sacrificial zones: Developing blue justice through marine democracy in Chile
(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2022) Anbleyth-Evans J.; Prieto M.; Barton, Jonathan R.; Garcia Cegarra A.; Muslow S.; Ricci E.; Campus L.; Francisca V.P.
© The Author(s) 2022.Marine sacrificial zones are planned areas dedicated to the toxic violence of carbo-chemical port development around the world. In the marine environment in Chile, repeated fisher led new social movements have been raised regarding the need to create laws controlling marine pollution from combined coal power station/extraction complexes and realise participatory blue epistemic justice. A series of case studies from across Chile demonstrate the importance of integrating fisher observations of contamination. Interviews and participatory GIS shows how fisher communities LEK observations can be integrated from Quintero, Mejillones and Coronel, which help generalise about the participatory solutions to the impacts of other coastal industrial complexes. The social protests of 2020–2021 opened up a new space for environmental rights through a successful campaign for a new Chilean constitution, the importance of which is shown by the politization of the violence of these sacrificial zones locally and globally. Differently to the creation of the constitution by the neoliberal dictatorship, the participatory space afforded by a people’s constitution through a plebiscite means that environmental justice concerns can be implemented in concrete form.
Transformations in resource peripheries: an analysis of the Chilean experience
(WILEY, 2008) Barton, Jonathan R.; Gwynne, Robert N.; Murray, Warwick E.
Building on Hayter et al.'s (2003) characterisation of resource peripheries in terms of four institutional dimensions, this article conceptualises four, similar 'transformations' (political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental) intended to evolve this conceptual framework. The case of Chile is analysed in order to ground the analysis, emphasising the structural aspects of its historical experience as a resource periphery. It is clear that the country's condition as a resource periphery has been central to the transformations that have taken place since the early colonial period. In order to illustrate this, the article briefly explores the links between Latin American structuralist and emerging resource periphery accounts. As such, we discuss some of the policy options that might allow the country to move beyond resource periphery status - a goal which is necessary if uneven development in Chile is to be tackled. We conclude that if even and equitable development are goals of geographical analysis then structuralist-informed political-economic work of this nature warrants renewed emphasis.
Unravelling sustainable salmon aquaculture: an historical political ecology of a business responsibility discourse, 1970–2020
(2023) Barton, Jonathan R.; Baeza González, Sebastián Andrés; Román, Álvaro; CEDEUS (Chile)
How sustainable is salmon aquaculture? The criteria for responding to this question are set by different organisations, since the concept of sustainable aquaculture is a social construction and there are no agreed criteria for establishing this sustainability condition and its evolution. Using an historical political ecology perspective, this paper unravels the evolution of this social construction over the past 50 years in order to establish how sustainability, responsibility, and sustainable development have been (re)constructed over time in response to changing demands. These constructions are traced through scientific publications, business reports, international organisation literature, and in terms of regulatory and consumer pressures. The documents provide evidence of the ways in which the sector evolved a particular conception of sustainability alongside the emerging global agenda set in motion by the Stockholm Conference of 1972, precisely at a time when the collapse of many capture fisheries became evident and aquaculture was presented as a more sustainable alternative. The conclusions point to the importance, for the sector, of restricting the sustainability concept to a narrow definition of business responsibility based on eco-efficiency, bio-security, and innovation, and separating this responsibility from the broader-based concept of sustainable development promoted by most UN agencies, governments, and NGOs.
Visual effects: a fake indigenous warrior, a contested hill and urban imaginaries of indigeneity in Santiago de Chile
(Wiley, 2022) Casagrande, Olivia; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
In Latin American cities, indigenous peoples' presence is often overlooked: symbols and iconographies either exclude them as a minority or 'memorialise' them as part of a distant past. Through ethnographic observation, walking and visual narrative analysis, and adapting Charles Hale's constructions of indigeneity, this article examines the different representations of indigeneity in urban public space in Santiago de Chile. It interrogates its forms and multiple meanings and the ways in which these are challenged and appropriated by current indigenous artistic production and activism, highlighting the struggle to emphasise contemporary, hybrid lived experiences rather than essentialised, neo-colonial memorialisation. The article addresses urban imaginaries of indigeneity as an arena for the struggle between different representations, which are highly relevant to the new Chilean Constitution and demands for pluri-nationalism, and form part of an ongoing (de)construction of entrenched power relations.
Wallmapu-Araucanía in flames! An historical political ecology of fire in the domination of southern Chile
(2024) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The conflict over Wallmapu-Araucanía in southern Chile, between the Spanish conquistadores, the Chilean state and the Mapuche peoples, dates from the 16th century, with a key moment being the forced integration of Mapuche land into the Chilean state in the late nineteenth century. This paper discusses this long period of conflict in three moments: conquest, occupation and liberation, and it focuses on the use of fire as a politico-symbolic and techno-productive tool. A ‘landscapes of power framework’ is used for this historical political ecology analysis, based on texts from the nineteenth century to the present. The conclusions point to the historical importance of the use of fire as a tool not only for physical changes in the landscape, but principally as a tool of political symbolism that relates to a history of conflict of terror and displacement, used by the forces of occupation and resistance.
Why Shade Coffee Does Not Guarantee Biodiversity Conservation
(RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2010) Tejeda Cruz, Cesar; Silva Rivera, Evodia; Barton, Jonathan R.; Sutherland, William J.
Over the past decade, various strategies have emerged to address critical habitat losses through agricultural expansion. The promotion of shade-grown, premium-priced coffee has been highlighted as one alternative. Our research, based on interviews with farmers in Chiapas, disputes some of the assumptions made by shade coffee campaigners. Results revealed a predisposition to converting forest to shade coffee production due to the socioeconomic challenges farmers face and the potential for increasing incomes. To ensure that their well-being is improved at the same time as reducing environmental impacts, there is clearly a need to provide more detailed information on who is responsible for enforcing certification criteria and how this should take place.

Browsing by Author "Barton, Jonathan R."

Results Per Page

Sort Options