Browsing by Author "Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés"

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    A detailed experimental mechanical characterization of multi-perforated clay brick masonry
    (2023) Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Aguilar, Víctor
    Multi-Perforated Clay Bricks (MPCLBs) are widely used in the construction of modern masonry structures worldwide, including earthquake-prone areas. However, few experimental studies have been carried out aimed at performing a detailed mechanical characterization of their behavior under different loading conditions. In the present paper, tests on masonry constituent materials and assemblages (triplets, rectangular prisms, and panels) made of MPCLBs are carried out, and some relationships between masonry properties useful for design purposes or numerical simulations are derived, including compression strength, Young's modulus, shear strength, and shear modulus. From the results, it is observed that decreasing mortar compressive strength and increasing joints' height are detrimental to masonry properties. Furthermore, a masonry compressive strength equation is fitted to the test results representative of Chilean masonry construction, which significantly overperforms the current Chilean standard formula. Also, digital image correlation is used to confirm the effect of mortar entering bricks' perforations on the shear response of the mortar-brick interface.
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    Animal fibers as water reservoirs for internal curing of mortars and their limits caused by fiber clustering
    (2021) Antico, F. C.; Rojas, P.; Briones, F.; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés
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    Behavior of Partially Grouted Concrete Masonry Walls under Quasi-Static Cyclic Lateral Loading
    (2020) Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Vargas, Laura; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés
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    Biopolymer-Waste Fiber Reinforcement for Earthen Materials: Capillary, Mechanical, Impact, and Abrasion Performance
    (2020) González Calderón, H.; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Kunze, S.; Burbano García, C.; Reidel, R.; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Astroza, R.; Bas Mir, Fernando
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    Collapse risk assessment of a Chilean dual wall-frame reinforced concrete office building.
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; López-García González, Diego; García, Andrés; Parra, Pablo Fernando; Candía, G.; Lagos, René
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    Development and Testing of a Friction/Sliding Connection to Improve the Seismic Performance of Gypsum Partition Walls
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Miranda, Eduardo; Deierlein, Gregory G.
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    Development of seismic fragility functions of partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls
    (2019) Sanhueza, Matías.; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Murcia Delso, Juan.
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    Effectiveness of polypropylene fibers on impact and shrinkage cracking behavior of adobe mixes
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Antico, Federico Carlos; Concha Riedel, José; Glade, Andres; Wiener, María J.
    Earth has been used as construction material for thousands of years and still at present earthen shelters are widely inhabited due to their comfort and low environmental impacts. Despite their advantages, earthen materials are brittle and their performance can be enhanced with the addition of fibers. This study addresses the use of different dosages of micro-polypropylene fibers in adobe mixes. The results show that adobe mechanical damage performance is sensitive to the dosage of polypropylene fibers increasing impact strength and reducing drying shrinkage cracking.
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    Evaluación de la probabilidad de colapso de un edificio de oficinas chileno de hormigón armado debido a actividad sísmica
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; López-García González, Diego; García, Andrés; Parra, Pablo Fernando
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    Experimental mechanical-damage assessment of earthen mixes reinforced with micro polypropylene fibers
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Concha-Riedel, J.; Antico, F. C.; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián
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    Fragility functions for partially-grouted masonry shear walls with bed-joint reinforcement
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Sanhueza, Matías; Murcia Delso, Juan
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    In-plane shear strength and damage fragility functions for partially-grouted reinforced masonry walls with bond-beam reinforcement
    (2021) Zhang, Zhiming; Murcia-Delso, Juan; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Wang, Fenglai
    This paper presents a study on the in-plane shear response of partially-grouted reinforced masonry walls with bond-beam reinforcement. A database of 95 tests on partially-grouted walls made of concrete hollow blocks was compiled from experimental studies reported in the literature to characterize the capacity and damageability of walls subjected to in-plane lateral loading. The database has been used to evaluate the accuracy of existing design shear strength equations for partially-grouted walls. It is concluded that the shear strength expressions in the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) code and Canadian standard are unconservative for partially-grouted walls. A modified equation based on the MSJC expression is proposed which better estimates the shear strength of this type of walls. Seismic fragility functions are also derived based on the experimental database to calculate the probability of experiencing moderate and severe damage in a partially-grouted wall for a given story-drift ratio deformation or normalized shear force demand. The resulting fragility functions show that the normalized shear demand is better correlated with the level of damage than the story-drift ratio.
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    Influence of different design parameters on the seismic performance of partially grouted masonry shear walls
    (2021) Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Inzunza, Ernesto; Arnau, Oriol
    In recent earthquakes in Chile (e.g., Maule’s 2010 earthquake), buildings built with bed-joint partially grouted reinforced masonry (BJ-PG-RM) shear walls made of multi-perforated clay bricks (MPCB) have not collapsed, although significant damages have been reported. Additionally, experimental data on the influence of the different design parameters that control its seismic behavior is scarce, and the available expressions for estimating their lateral resistance are inaccurate. To address these issues, nine full-scale BJ-PG-RM walls made of MPCB were tested under axial pre-compression and cyclic lateral loads. The study addressed the influence of the aspect (height-to-length) ratio, axial pre-compression, mortar compressive strength, mortar joints’ thickness, bricks’ height, and horizontal and vertical reinforcement ratio. The results were analyzed in terms of hysteretic response, damage evolution, seismic performance parameters (shear strength, equivalent viscous damping ratio, ductility, and lateral stiffness degradation). All designed walls failed in a diagonal tension failure mode. Besides, all studied variables influenced the stresses and crack patterns. Also, the shear strength increases when: (i) lower aspect ratio or joint thickness are used; and (ii) higher axial load ratio, horizontal reinforcement ratio, vertical reinforcement ratio, or mortar compressive strength are used. Moreover, when damage progresses, the lateral secant stiffness decays faster as a result of: (i) larger joint thickness or vertical reinforcement ratio; (ii) lower mortar compressive strength. Most walls exhibited an equivalent viscous damping ratio between 5% and 10% for an intermediate state of damage. However, the evaluated design parameters did not considerably affect the development of the viscous damping ratio as a function of the drift ratio. The displacement ductility of the walls ranged from 1.5 to 2.5, where the height of bricks and the vertical reinforcement ratio had positive effects, and the joint thickness, the mortar compressive strength, and the horizontal reinforcement ratio a negative effect. The lateral resistance of tested walls was also estimated with six expressions, but none of them provided accurate results.
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    Influence of jute fibers to improve flexural toughness, impact resistance and drying shrinkage cracking in adobe mixes
    (2019) Concha Riedel, José; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Antico, Federico Carlos; Reidel Hanenstein, Ursula; Glade, Andres
    Flexural toughness, impact resistance and shrinkage cracking performance of earthen materials can be improved with the addition of fibers. There are limited studies addressing these properties in fiber-mixed adobe. This study investigates the use of jute fibers, a natural one derived from plants, in adobe mixes, including a sensitivity analysis on dosage and lengths of incorporated fibers. The results show that fiber-reinforced adobe’s flexural toughness and shrinkage are sensitive to the dosage, whereas impact resistance is sensitive to both fiber dosage as well as fiber length.
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    Influence of natural fiber dosage and length on adobe mixes damage-mechanical behavior
    (2018) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Concha-Riedel, J.; Antico, F.; Valdes, C.; Caceres, G.
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    Mechanical and damage similarities of adobe blocks reinforced with natural and industrial fibres
    (2020) Concha Riedel, J.; Antico, F. C.; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés
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    Mechanical-damage behavior of mortars reinforced with recycled polypropylene fibers
    (2019) Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Maturana Barahona, Pablo; Gómez Lorenzini, María Soledad; Carrasco, Miguel.; Antico, Federico Carlos.
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    Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete with Residue of Masonry and Recycled Aggregate under Sulfate Attack
    (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024) Silva Urrego, Yimmy Fernando; Delvasto, Silvio; Valencia, William; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés
    The use of byproducts as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) can contribute tothe production of more sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC) while modifying the durability properties of these mixtures. Thus, thisstudy addresses the combined use of concrete waste (CW) as RCA and residue of masonry (RM) as SCM, the CW and RM obtained fromconstruction and demolition waste, to generate SCC mixtures and to evaluate the performance of these mixtures under sulfate attack (5%Na2SO4and 5% MgSO4solutions). In detail, a reference SCC (M1) and three SCCs with 25% of RM and different level RCAs (0%, 50%, and100% replacement by volume) were cast. The hardened properties of the SCC mixtures were assessed in terms of compressive strength andsulfate attack. The results showed that the SCC mixtures with RM and RCA, cured in water, exhibited lower compressive strength results inall the evaluated ages compared with M1 (reference mixture, without RM and RCA). However, the SCC mixture with RM presented themaximum compression strength result among the different mixtures at 180 and 360 days. When mixtures were exposed to sulfate solutions,the SCC mixture with RM showed the best performance, and even the SCC mixtures with RM and RCA exhibited lower linear expansion andloss of compressive strength when compared with M1. The presence and severity of the sulfate attack were assessed via X-ray diffractionand scanning electron micrograph, which confirmed the presence of ettringite and gypsum in all the exposed SCC mixtures in the Na2SO4andMgSO4solutions.
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    Quasi-static testing of concrete masonry shear walls with different horizontal reinforcement schemes
    (2021) Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Inzunza, Ernesto; Milani, Gabriele
    Constructions built with partially grouted reinforced masonry (PG-RM) shear walls are common in several countries, and consequently, different construction solutions can be expected. In this context, one of the main differences detected is the type of horizontal steel reinforcement used. The most traditional options consist of bed-joint reinforcement and bond-beam reinforcement. Despite the advances in this research area, there is little experimental evidence to determine which of these horizontal reinforcement schemes exhibits a superior performance under seismic loads. Thus, the research described in this paper focused on assessing and comparing the seismic performance of PG-RM shear walls with different horizontal reinforcement options. For this purpose, four concrete masonry walls with an aspect ratio of 0.86 were tested undergoing constant axial pre-compression and quasi-static cyclic incremental lateral displacements. The tested walls had the same horizontal reinforcement ratio but different layouts (only bed joint reinforcement, only bond beam reinforcement, and a combination of them). The other design characteristics remained constant. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of the force-displacement curves and seismic performance parameters such as the maximum resistance, stiffness decay, energy dissipation, and equivalent viscous damping ratio. In addition, a comparative analysis of damage progression of the tested walls was carried out using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The tested walls experienced progressive deterioration of the lateral stiffness in proportion to drift increments regardless of the reinforcement scheme. Once achieved the lateral resistance, the degradation of the behavior accelerated, turning into a rather unpredictable response. Employing different horizontal reinforcement layout showed no influence on the lateral capacity of the walls when the same horizontal reinforcement ratio and material qualities are used. It was also observed that the distributed bed-joint reinforcement was better than the bond-beam reinforcement layout in controlling crack widths. Additionally, a combination of bond-beams and bed-joint reinforcement seems to be the most suitable reinforcement strategy based on hysteretic behavior, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility. The presented experimental evidence is promising, although further studies are required in order to promote its use in design codes and construction projects.
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    Shear design equation and updated fragility functions for partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls
    (2022) Calderón Díaz, Sebastián Andrés; Vargas Carvajal, Laura Andrea; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Araya Letelier, Gerardo Andrés; Milani, Gabriele
    This paper proposes specific ultimate shear strength expressions for partially-grouted reinforced masonry (PG-RM) shear walls that are bed-joint reinforced (BJR) and made with either multi-perforated clay bricks (MPCLBs) or hollow concrete blocks (HCBs). For each unit type, a set of constant coefficients of an arbitrary mathematical expression is optimized to minimize the error against experimental databases of walls made with the same unit types. Additionally, the assembled databases are employed to calculate lognormal empirical fragility functions, following performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodologies. For this, two different engineering demand parameters (EDPs) (story drift ratio, SDR, and normalized diagonal shear demand, NDSD) are proposed, and two damage states (DS) (named DS4 for moderate damage and DS5 for severe damage) are investigated. The proposed shear formulae are used in the normalization of calculated NDSD values. Moreover, databases are sorted by a selected design parameter (aspect ratio) to calculate design parameter-sensitive fragility functions. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed expressions are more accurate than the corresponding expressions proposed by the American and Canadian codes when assessing BJR-PG-RM shear walls in terms of the average error and dispersion of relative prediction error. All the fragility curves adjusted to the whole database pass the Lilliefors goodness of fit test (). Comparing SDR-based curves of walls of a different unit type, DS4 curves present a smaller difference in the median value () than DS5 curves. Additionally, the variations in the of NDSD-based curves of walls of different units are smaller than those observed in SDR-based fragility functions, indicating that NDSD represents a less variant EDP to describe the probability of shear damage at DS5 when a proper expression is employed for the normalization. Regarding design parameter-sensitive fragility functions, sorting databases reduces the number of data points used to calculate the functions, which produced two SDR-based and one NDSD-based function to fail the Lilliefors test (). In general, the value of SDR-based curves increases in proportion to the aspect ratio. Additionally, classifying the databases by a design parameter (aspect ratio) corroborated that the proposed expression has acceptable accuracy based on the adjusted NDSD-based DS5 fragility functions. It is highlighted that calculating design parameter-sensitive functions might increase the accuracy of PBEE assessments (e.g., loss estimations) when an EDP insensitive to design parameters normalization (e.g., SDR) is employed.